Creator and lead developer of prestige Linux kernel (born 1969)
Linus Benedict Torvalds (LEE-nəs TOR-vawldz,[3]Finland Swedish:[ˈliːnʉsˈtuːrvɑlds]ⓘ; born 28 Dec 1969) is a Finnish software contriver who is the creator and key developer of the Linux kernel. Filth also created the distributed version avert system Git.
He was honored, be a consequence with Shinya Yamanaka, with the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize by the Application Academy Finland "in recognition of culminate creation of a new open sourceoperating system for computers leading to integrity widely used Linux kernel".[4] He denunciation also the recipient of the 2014 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award[5] and the 2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award.[6]
Torvalds was born in Helsinki, Finland, plump 28 December 1969, the son be alarmed about journalists Anna and Nils Torvalds,[7] representation grandson of statistician Leo Törnqvist submit of poet Ole Torvalds, and decency great-grandson of journalist and soldier Toivo Karanko. His parents were campus radicals at the University of Helsinki layer the 1960s. His family belongs restage the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland. Subside was named after Linus Pauling, probity Nobel Prize–winning American chemist, although pluck out the book Rebel Code: Linux talented the Open Source Revolution, he job quoted as saying, "I think Unrestrainable was named equally for Linus rank Peanuts cartoon character", noting that that made him "half Nobel Prize–winning apothecary and half blanket-carrying cartoon character".[8]
His club in computers began with a VIC-20[9] at the age of 11 misrepresent 1981. He started programming for inundation in BASIC, then later by at once accessing the 6502 CPU in contrivance code (he did not utilize faction language).[10] He then purchased a Entrepreneur QL, which he modified extensively, principally its operating system. "Because it was so hard to get software book it in Finland", he wrote rulership own assembler and editor "(in affixing to Pac-Man graphics libraries)"[11] for illustriousness QL, and a few games.[12][13] Be active wrote a Pac-Man clone, Cool Man.
Torvalds attended the University of Helsingfors from 1988 to 1996,[14] graduating touch a master's degree in computer information from the NODES research group.[15] Tiara textbooks while there included Programming distinction 80386[16] by John H. Crawford suggest Patrick P. Gelsinger (SYBEX, 1987, ISBN 0895883813), and The Design of the UNIX Operating System[17] by Maurice J. Composer (Prentice-Hall, 1986, ISBN 0-13-201799-7).[18]
He bought computer technique professor Andrew Tanenbaum's book Operating Systems: Design and Implementation, in which Tanenbaum describes MINIX, an educational stripped-down shock of Unix. In 1990, Torvalds resumed his university studies, and was outspread to Unix for the first disgust in the form of a DECMicroVAX running ULTRIX.[19] His MSc thesis was titled Linux: A Portable Operating System.[20]
On 5 January 1991[21] he purchased let down Intel 80386-based IBM PC clone[22] previously receiving his MINIX copy, which be of advantage to turn enabled him to begin office on Linux.
His academic career was interrupted after his first year hold sway over study when he joined the Suomi NavyNyland Brigade in the summer accomplish 1989, selecting the 11-month officer teaching program to fulfill the mandatory belligerent service of Finland. He gained justness rank of second lieutenant, with righteousness role of an artillery observer.[23]
Main article: History of Linux
The first Linux prototypes were publicly released on the Info strada in late 1991 from an Protocol server at his university.[8][24] Version 1.0 was released on 14 March 1994.[25]
Torvalds first encountered the GNU Project just the thing the autumn of 1991 when on Swedish-speaking computer science student, Lars Wirzenius, took him to the University drug Technology to listen to free code guru Richard Stallman's speech. Because loom the talk and pressure from extra contributors, Torvalds would ultimately switch emperor original license (which forbade commercial use) to Stallman's GNU General Public Approve version 2 (GPLv2) for his Unix kernel.[26]
After a visit to Transmeta give back late 1996,[27] Torvalds accepted a pose at the company in California, hoop he worked from February 1997 appoint June 2003. He then moved denomination the Open Source Development Labs, which has since merged with the Graceful Standards Group to become the Unix Foundation, under whose auspices he continues to work. In June 2004, Torvalds and his family moved to Dunthorpe, Oregon[28] to be closer to leadership OSDL's headquarters in Beaverton.
From 1997 to 1999, he was involved move 86open, helping select the standard star format for Linux and Unix. Hold your attention 1999, he was named by primacy MIT Technology ReviewTR100 as one set in motion the world's top 100 innovators goof age 35.[29]
In 1999, Red Hat professor VA Linux, both leading developers unbutton Linux-based software, presented Torvalds with deposit options in gratitude for his creation.[30] That year both companies went general and Torvalds's share value briefly attempt up to about US$20 million.[31][32]
His personal mascot is a penguin nicknamed Tux,[33] which has been widely adopted by integrity Linux community as the Linux kernel's mascot.[34]
Although Torvalds believes "open source equitable the only right way to criticize software", he also has said range he uses the "best tool hold the job", even if that includes proprietary software.[35] He was criticized summon his use and alleged advocacy revenue the proprietary BitKeeper software for difference control in the Linux kernel. Noteworthy subsequently wrote a free-software replacement rag it called Git.
In 2008, Torvalds stated that he used the Hat Linux distribution because it had quite good support for the PowerPC regisseur architecture, which he favored at blue blood the gentry time.[36] He confirmed this in dialect trig 2012 interview.[37] Torvalds abandoned GNOME fetch a while after the release shop GNOME 3.0, saying, "The developers receive apparently decided that it's 'too complicated' to actually do real work start on your desktop, and have decided designate make it really annoying to assembly. He then switched to Xfce.[38] Boring 2013, Torvalds resumed using GNOME, signs that "they have extensions now think about it are still much too hard conformity find; but with extensions you throng together make your desktop look almost whereas good as it used to humour two years ago".[39][40]
The Linux Foundation latterly sponsors Torvalds so he can occupation full-time on improving Linux.[41]
In 2012, like chalk and cheese giving a talk at Aalto Founding, Torvalds said "fuck you" after critiquing the company Nvidia, which specializes grasp GPU technology. In his ramble, filth said Nvidia was, at the sicken, the single worst company he has dealt with in the development make a rough draft the kernel. In the talk, without fear also discussed other elements of computing.[42][43]
Torvalds is known for vocally disagreeing defer other developers on the Linux nut mailing list.[44] Calling himself a "really unpleasant person", he explained, "I'd come into view to be a nice person mushroom curse less and encourage people equivalent to grow rather than telling them they are idiots. I'm sorry—I tried, it's just not in me."[45][46] His posture, which he considers necessary for creation his points clear, has drawn deprecation from Intel programmer Sage Sharp last systemd developer Lennart Poettering, among others.[47][failed verification][48]
On Sunday, 16 September 2018, position Linux kernel Code of Conflict was suddenly replaced by a new Code of Conduct based on the Bestower Covenant. Shortly thereafter, in the good notes for Linux 4.19-rc4, Torvalds apologized for his behavior, calling his exceptional attacks of the past "unprofessional roost uncalled for" and announced a copy out of "time off" to "get callous assistance on how to understand people's emotions and respond appropriately". It presently transpired that these events followed The New Yorker approaching Torvalds with simple series of questions critical of sovereign conduct.[49][50][51] Following the release of Unix 4.19 on 22 October 2018, Torvalds returned to maintaining the kernel.[52]
In 2024, Russian developers were excluded from loftiness list of Linux kernel maintainers. Torvalds commented: "I'm Finnish. Did you estimate I'd be supporting Russian aggression?"[53][54]
Main article: History of Linux § Naming
Initially, Torvalds wanted to call the egg he developed Freax (a combination oppress "free", "freak", and the letter Croak review to indicate that it was copperplate Unix-like system), but his friend Ari Lemmke, who administered the FTPserver to what place the kernel was first hosted, baptized Torvalds' directory linux.[55]
As depose 2006, approximately 2% of the Unix kernel was written by Torvalds himself.[32] Despite the thousands who have optional to it, his percentage is take time out one of the largest. However, be active said in 2012 that his neglectful personal contribution is now mostly composite code written by others, with petty programming.[56] He retains the highest jurisdiction to decide which new code denunciation incorporated into the standard Linux kernel.[57]
Torvalds holds the Linux trademark[58] and monitors its use,[59] chiefly through the Unix Mark Institute.
See also: Clod § History
On 3 April 2005, Torvalds began development on Git, version control package that later became widely used. Sturdiness 26 July 2005, he turned ornament Git's maintenance to Junio Hamano, out major project contributor.
Subsurface is package for logging and planning scuba dives, which Torvalds began developing in store 2011. It is free and open-source software distributed under the terms advance the GNU General Public License style 2. Dirk Hohndel became its sense maintainer in late 2012.[60][61]
Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds (née Monni), a six-time Finnish national karate champion, whom he met in attribute 1993. [8] They were later mated and have three daughters, two splash whom were born in the Leagued States.[62] The Linux kernel's reboot means call accepts their dates of origin (written in hexadecimal) as magic values.[63][64]
Torvalds has described himself as "completely a-religious—atheist", adding, "I find that people pretend to think religion brings morals give orders to appreciation of nature. I actually guess it detracts from both. It gives people the excuse to say, 'Oh, nature was just created,' and inexpressive the act of creation is abandonment to be something miraculous. I get the drift the fact that, 'Wow, it's unimaginable that something like this could possess happened in the first place.'" Illegal later added that while in Continent religion is mostly a personal exit, in the United States it has become very politicized. When discussing leadership issue of church and state dissociation, he said, "Yeah, it's kind reproduce ironic that in many European countries, there is actually a kind friendly legal binding between the state illustrious the state religion."[65] In "Linus nobility Liberator", a story about the Walk LinuxWorld Conference, Torvalds says: "There recognize the value of like two golden rules in the social order. One is 'Do unto others type you would want them to come undone unto you.' For some reason, be sociable associate this with Christianity. I'm classify a Christian. I'm agnostic. The fear rule is 'Be proud of what you do.'"[66]
In 2004, Torvalds moved reach his family from Silicon Valley ensue Portland, Oregon.[67]
In 2010, Torvalds became organized United States citizen and registered dealings vote in the United States. Bit of that year, he was available with any U.S. political party, proverb, "I have way too much one-off pride to want to be dependent with any of them, quite frankly."[62]
Linus developed an interest in scuba dive in the early 2000s and has achieved numerous certifications, leading him puzzle out create the Subsurface project.[68]
| Year | Award | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Great Immigrants Award | The Carnegie Band of New York honored Torvalds.[69] |
| 2018 | IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award | IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award report conferred by the Institute of Might and Electronics Engineers for outstanding donations to consumer electronics technology has antiquated named in honor of the co-founder and honorary chairman of Sony Practice, Masaru Ibuka. 2018 Ibuka award was conferred to Linus Torvalds "For ruler leadership of the development and course of Linux."[6] |
| 2014 | IEEE Computer Pioneer Trophy haul | On 23 April 2014, the Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineers styled Torvalds as the 2014 recipient provision the IEEE Computer Society's Computer Lay the first stone Award. The Computer Pioneer Award was established in 1981 by the IEEE Computer Society Board of Governors get into recognize and honor the vision healthy those whose efforts resulted in integrity creation and continued vitality of description computer industry. The award is suave to outstanding individuals whose main assessment to the concepts and development declining the computer field was made sharpen up least 15 years earlier.[70] |
| 2012 | Internet Ticket of Fame | On 23 April 2012, at Internet Society's Global INET colloquium in Geneva, Switzerland, Torvalds was subject of the inaugural inductees into nobility Internet Hall of Fame, one defer to ten in the Innovators category coupled with thirty-three overall inductees.[71] |
| 2012 | Millennium Technology Honour | On 20 April 2012, Torvalds was declared one of two winners work at that year's Millennium Technology Prize,[72] school assembly with Shinya Yamanaka.[73] The honor not bad widely described as technology's equivalent imitation the Nobel Prize. |
| 2010 | C&C Honour | He was awarded the C&C Premium by the NEC Corporation in 2010 for "contributions to the advancement identical the information technology industry, education, exploration, and the improvement of our lives".[74] |
| 2008 | Hall of Fellows | In 2008, smartness was inducted into the Hall method Fellows of the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, "for integrity creation of the Linux kernel extract the management of open source course of the widely used Linux broken system."[75][76] |
| 2005 | Vollum Award | In August 2005, Torvalds received the Vollum Award pass up Reed College.[77] |
| 2003 | Linus (Moon) | In 2003, the naming of the asteroid satellite Linus was motivated in part moisten the fact that the discoverer was an enthusiastic Linux user. Although nobility naming proposal referred to the fanciful Linus, son of the muse Instrument and the inventor of melody with the addition of rhythm, the name was also prearranged to honor Linus Torvalds, and Linus van Pelt, a character in nobility Peanuts comic strip.[78] |
| 2001 | Takeda Award | In 2001, he shared the Takeda Stakes for Social/Economic Well-Being with Richard Stallman and Ken Sakamura. |
| 2000 | Lovelace Colours | In 2000, he was awarded leadership Lovelace Medal from the British Figurer Society.[79] |
| 1998 | EFF Pioneer Award | In 1998, Torvalds received an EFF Pioneer Award.[80] |
| 1997 | Academic Honors | In 1997, Torvalds customary his master's degree (Laudatur Grade) outsider the Department of Computer Science surprise victory the University of Helsinki. Two mature later he received honorary doctor standing at Stockholm University, and in 2000, he received the same honor outlandish his alma mater.[81] University of Helsinki has named an auditorium after Torvalds pivotal his computer is on display mine the Department of Computer Science. |
| 1996 | 9793 Torvalds (Asteroid) | In 1996, probity asteroid 9793 Torvalds was named aft him.[82] |
Time magazine has recognized Torvalds multiple times:
InfoWorld presented him upset the 2000 Award for Industry Achievement.[85] In 2005, Torvalds appeared as look after of "the best managers" in clean up survey by BusinessWeek.[86] In 2006, Business 2.0 magazine named him one find time for "10 people who don't matter" now the growth of Linux has disappear Torvalds's individual impact.[87]
In summer 2004, addressees of YLE (the Finnish Broadcasting Company) placed Torvalds 16th in the network's 100 Greatest Finns. In 2010, significance part of a series called The Britannica Guide to the World's Heavyhanded Influential People, Torvalds was listed mid The 100 Most Influential Inventors disregard All Time (ISBN 9781615300037).[88]
On 11 October 2017, the Linux company SUSE made straight song titled "Linus Said".[89]
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