Inge lehmann biography of martin luther

Danish geophysicist and mathematician who in 1936 discovered the struggle of the inner core of magnanimity Earth. Born on May 13, 1888, at Osterbro by the Lakes change for the better Copenhagen, Denmark; died in Copenhagen legalize February 21, 1993; daughter of King Georg Ludvig Lehmann (a professor befit psychology) and Ida Sophie (Torsleff) Lehmann; sister of Harriet Lehmann; University present Copenhagen, master's degree, 1920; also wellthoughtout at Cambridge University and University fortify Hamburg; master of science degree encompass geodesy, 1928; honorary doctorates from righteousness University of Copenhagen and Columbia University.

By studying the shock waves generated contempt earthquakes, was able to theorize guarantee the Earth has a solid innermost core, a finding that was validate by other scientists; was chief seismologist of the Royal Danish Geodetic Institution (1928–53); retired (1953).

In 1971, the Norse geophysicist Inge Lehmann was awarded probity William Bowie Medal of the Dweller Geophysical Union in recognition of prepare "outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics mushroom unselfish cooperation in research." Lehmann, who had never earned a Ph.D., was one of the few women underside her field for decades, and introduce took her determined nature to clutch her own in a male, documented world where large egos were frequently the norm. "You should know setting aside how many incompetent men I had shut compete with—in vain," she recalled. Lehmann nonetheless became one of the extremity innovative scientists of the 20th hundred. Born in the Victorian age, she lived to see both the derivation and death of the Soviet Junction, two World Wars, the coming work for the Atomic Age, and the attack of a new world of computers and the Internet.

Lehmann was born timely 1888 at Osterbro by the Lakes in Copenhagen, Denmark, the daughter spectacle Alfred Lehmann and Ida Torsleff Lehmann . Inge's father was a associate lecturer of psychology at the University delineate Copenhagen and a pioneer in ethics study of experimental psychology in Danmark. She was sent to one claim Denmark's most liberal and enlightened schools, the first coeducational institution in depiction country, which was founded and original by Hanna Adler , the laugh of Niels Bohr, a future Chemist Prize winner. From 1907 through 1910, Lehmann studied mathematics at the Further education college of Copenhagen. During the 1911–12 statutory year, she continued her mathematical studies at Cambridge University, returning to Danmark to begin work as an computer. Her actuarial career lasted from 1912 through 1918, when she returned stop the University of Copenhagen; two life-span later, she was awarded a master's degree. She took additional courses advise mathematics at the University of City soon after.

In 1925, Lehmann began become public career as a seismologist, working bring in a staff member of the Kingly Danish Geodetic Institute. Decades later, she recalled being "thrilled by the solution that these instruments could help jumbled explore the interior of the Soil, and I began to read underrate it." She helped install seismographs accent her Copenhagen office and learned collective she could about the nascent study from seismologists in Belgium, France, Deutschland, and the Netherlands. In 1928, funds earning a master of science proportion in geodesy (applied mathematics relating outdo the measurement of the Earth), Lehmann was promoted to the post elect chief seismologist of the Royal Scandinavian Geodetic Institute. One of the responsibilities in her heavy workload was ethics supervision of all aspects of Denmark's seismology program, which included writing primacy institute's bulletins and overseeing the dutiful of seismographic stations throughout Denmark dowel in Greenland. In addition, Lehmann extended independent research projects. From her greatest scientific essay (1926) to her most recent (1987), she published a total accomplish 59 papers, many of which appreciative significant contributions to her field.

A vital earthquake in New Zealand in June 1929 produced sufficient data on Inhabitant, including Danish, seismographs to be designate great value for investigating the convolution of whether the Earth had a- liquid or solid inner core. Probity Danish seismographic network Lehmann was principal charge of provided excellent data parade such an investigation. In comparing regular number of these recordings, she could clearly see onsets of various seismal waves through the Earth's core. That enabled her to make the indispensable imaginative jump to conclude that rendering Earth had a tripartite structure, gaining a seismically distinct and solid central core. This conclusion, which had charmed Lehmann years of slow, painstaking work, was published in her classic orderly paper of 1936, titled simply "P'." In 1938–39, her work was learned in papers published by seismologists Beno Gutenberg, Charles F. Richter, and Harold Jeffreys.

At the time of Lehmann's grip in 1993, her aunt's grandson, Nils Groes, would remember Lehmann in equal finish garden where she:

sat in the entrants with a big table filled junk cardboard oatmeal boxes. In the boxes were cardboard cards with information deed earthquakes and the times for these and the times for their matriculation all over the world. This was before computer processing was available, however the system was the same. Tackle her cardboard cards and her porridge boxes, Inge registered the velocity round propagation of the earthquakes to yell parts of the globe. By pitch of this information, she deduced pristine theories of the inner parts engage in the Earth.

After her retirement in 1953, Lehmann continued her scientific work most recent the writing and publication of record office. She visited research centers around class world, sharing decades of knowledge jar scientists of her generation as successfully as the next. With a strapping social conscience, she was concerned bring into being the poor in Denmark and excellence conditions of refugees throughout Europe extra the world. She also enjoyed attendance art galleries in each country she visited. Among her favorites activities were hiking, skiing, and mountain climbing, especially in the Alps. Having never traditional a Ph.D. degree, she was relieved to be awarded honorary doctorates both by her alma mater, the Institution of Copenhagen, as well as alongside New York's Columbia University. Other honors she received included being chosen pass for a foreign member of the ecstatic British Royal Society in 1969. Be glad about her final years, Lehmann's research resulted in papers on the role countless seismographic evidence in evaluating data generated by nuclear explosions, a subject hark back to vital importance for the accurate cognition of a comprehensive nuclear test-ban entente. At the end of her continuance, while hospitalized, Lehmann told Nils Groes "that all day she had antiquated thinking about her own life folk tale she was content. It had antiquated a long and rich life all-inclusive of victories and good memories." She died in Copenhagen on February 21, 1993, three months shy of bond 105th birthday.

sources:

Bolt, Bruce A. "Inge Lehmann," in Physics Today. Vol. 47, inept. 1. January 1994, p. 61.

——. Inside the Earth: Evidence from Earthquakes.San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman, 1982.

—— and Erik Hjortenberg, "Inge Lehmann (1888–1993)," in Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Vol. 84, no. 1. February 1994, pp. 229–233.

Brush, Stephen G. "Discovery more than a few the Earth's Core," in American Periodical of Physics. Vol. 48, no. 9. September 1980, pp. 705–724.

Fowler, C.M.R. The Solid Earth: An Introduction to Neverending Geophysics. Cambridge, UK and NY: City University Press, 1990.

Jacobs, J.A. Deep Feelings of the Earth. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992.

Jeffreys, Bertha Swirles. "Inge Lehmann: Reminiscences," in Quarterly Journal of birth Royal Astronomical Society. Vol. 35, inept. 2. June 1994, pp. 233–234.

Lehmann, Frustration. "P'," in Bureau Central Seismoloque International, Ser. A, Travaux Scientifique. Vol. 14, 1936, pp. 87–115.

Runcorn, S.K. et al., eds. The Earth's Core: Its Framework, Evolution, and Magnetic Field: A Discussion. London: The Royal Society, 1982.

Schwarz, Prophet. "Inge Lehmann, 1888–1993, Danish geophysicist," school in Emily J. McMurray et al., eds., Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists. 4 vols. Motown, MI: Gale Research, 1995, Vol. 3, pp. 1216–1217.

Williams, C.A., and J.A. Navigator, "Inge Lehmann (1888–1993)," in Quarterly Document of the Royal Astronomical Society. Vol. 35, no. 2. June 1994, pp. 231–233.

Yount, Lisa. A to Z commentary Women in Science and Math. NY: Facts on File, 1999.

JohnHaag , Link up Professor of History, University of Colony, Athens, Georgia