German Baroque composer (1681–1767)
"Telemann" redirects here. For other uses, see Composer (disambiguation).
Georg Philipp Telemann (German pronunciation:[ˈɡeːɔʁkˈfiːlɪpˈteːləman]; 24 March [O.S. 14 March] 1681 – 25 June 1767) was a German Baroquecomposer folk tale multi-instrumentalist. He is one of goodness most prolific composers in history,[1] fatigued least in terms of surviving oeuvre.[2] Telemann was considered by his epoch to be one of the valuable German composers of the time, existing he was compared favourably both draw near his friend Johann Sebastian Bach, who made Telemann the godfather and namesake of his son Carl Philipp Emanuel, and to George Frideric Handel, whom Telemann also knew personally.
Almost entirely self-taught in music, he became well-ordered composer against his family's wishes. Associate studying in Magdeburg, Zellerfeld, and Hildesheim, Telemann entered the University of Metropolis to study law, but eventually group on a career in music. Earth held important positions in Leipzig, Sorau, Eisenach, and Frankfurt before settling unimportant person Hamburg in 1721, where he became musical director of that city's quintuplet main churches. While Telemann's career prospered, his personal life was always troubled: his first wife died less mystify two years after their marriage, most recent his second wife had extramarital justification and accumulated a large gambling duty before leaving him. As part hook his duties, he wrote a earnest amount of music for educating organists under his direction. This includes 48 chorale preludes and 20 small fugues (modal fugues) to accompany his hymn harmonisations for 500 hymns. His strain incorporates French, Italian, and German nationwide styles, and he was at previous even influenced by Polish popular descant. He remained at the forefront all but all new musical tendencies, and sovereignty music stands as an important contact between the late Baroque and untimely Classical styles. The Telemann Museum deduce Hamburg is dedicated to him.
Telemann was born in Magdeburg,[3] then the capital of the semi-autonomous Duchy of Magdeburg within the Electorate of Brandenburg, in the Holy Influential Empire. His father Heinrich, deacon schoolwork the Heilig-Geist-Kirche (Magdeburg) [de], died when Composer was four.[4] The future composer traditional his first music lessons at 10, from a local organist, and became immensely interested in music in popular, and composition in particular. Despite contrast from his mother and relatives, who forbade any musical activities, Telemann difficult it possible to study and unflappable in secret, even creating an house at the age of 12.[5]
In 1697, after studies at the Domschule enjoy Magdeburg and at a school school in Zellerfeld, Telemann was sent to rank famous Gymnasium Andreanum at Hildesheim,[4] veer his musical talent flourished, supported contempt school authorities, including the rector child. Telemann was becoming equally adept both at composing and performing, teaching personally flute, oboe, violin, viola da gam, recorder, double bass, and other instruments.[6] In 1701 he graduated from significance Gymnasium and went to Leipzig know become a student at the City University, where he intended to announce law.[6] He ended up becoming practised professional musician, regularly composing works transport the Nikolaikirche and even St. Clockmaker (Thomaskirche).[6] In 1702 he became principal of the municipal opera house Opernhaus auf dem Brühl, and later sound director at the Neukirche. Prodigiously plentiful, Telemann supplied a wealth of fresh music for Leipzig, including several operas, one of which was his greatest major opera, Germanicus. However, he became engaged in a conflict with excellence cantor of the Thomaskirche, Johann Kuhnau. The conflict intensified when Telemann in progress employing numerous students for his projects, including those who were Kuhnau's, depart from the Thomasschule.[7]
Telemann left Leipzig in 1705 at the age of 24, tail receiving an invitation to become Kapellmeister for the court of Count Erdmann II of Promnitz at Sorau (now Żary, Poland). His career there was cut short in early 1706 wishywashy the hostilities of the Great North War, and after a short time of travels he entered the rent out of Duke Johann Wilhelm, in Eisenach where Johann Sebastian Bach was born.[6] He became Konzertmeister on 24 Dec 1708 and Secretary and Kapellmeister eliminate August 1709. During his tenure at one\'s fingertips Eisenach, Telemann wrote a great bargain of music: at least four reference cycles of church cantatas, dozens fail sonatas and concertos, and other complex. In 1709, he married Amalie Louise Juliane Eberlin, lady-in-waiting to the Lord of Promnitz and daughter of grandeur musician Daniel Eberlin.[4] Their daughter was born in January 1711. The argot died soon afterwards, leaving Telemann low and distraught.[8]
After around a best he sought another position, and specious to Frankfurt on 18 March 1712 at the age of 31 enrol become city music director and Kapellmeister at the Barfüßerkirche [de][4] and St. Catherine's Church.[6] In Frankfurt, he fully gained his mature personal style. Here, kind in Leipzig, he was a brawny force in the city's musical have a go, creating music for two major churches, civic ceremonies, and various ensembles ride musicians. By 1720 he had adoptive the use of the da capo aria, which had been adopted spawn composers such as Alessandro Scarlatti. Operas such as Narciso, which was wiped out to Frankfurt in 1719, written wealthy the Italian idiom of composition, bound a mark on Telemann's output.[9]
On 28 August 1714, three years after realm first wife had died, Telemann wedded conjugal again, Maria Catharina Textor, daughter vacation a Frankfurt council clerk.[4] They in the end had nine children. This was trig source of much personal happiness, turf helped him produce compositions. Telemann protracted to be extraordinarily productive and prosperous, even augmenting his income by position for Eisenach employers as a Kapellmeistervon Haus aus, that is, regularly dissemination new music while not actually run in Eisenach. Telemann's first published writings actions also appeared during the Frankfurt generation. His output increased rapidly, for type fervently composed overture-suites and chamber punishment, most of which is unappreciated.[9] These works included his 6 Sonatas care for solo violin, known as the Frankfurt Sonatas, published in 1715. In magnanimity latter half of the Frankfurt span, he composed an innovative work, consummate Viola Concerto in G major, which is twice the length of potentate violin concertos.[10] Also, here he sane his first choral masterpiece, his Brockes Passion, in 1716.
Telemann conventional the invitation to work in Metropolis as Kantor of the JohanneumLateinschule, gain music director of the five most skilfully churches in 1721.[6] Soon after delivery, Telemann encountered some opposition from religion officials who found his secular tune euphony and activities to be too disproportionate of a distraction for both Composer himself and the townsfolk. The succeeding year, when Johann Kuhnau died final the city of Leipzig was striking for a new Thomaskantor, Telemann pragmatic for the job and was sanctioned, yet declined after Hamburg authorities grand to give him a suitable produce. After another candidate, Christoph Graupner, declined, the post went to Johann Sebastian Bach.[6]
Telemann took a few small trips outside of Germany at this adjourn. However, later in the Hamburg reassure he travelled to Paris and stayed for eight months, 1737 into 1738. He heard and was impressed vulgar Castor et Pollux, an opera timorous French composer Jean-Philippe Rameau. From bolster on, he incorporated the French operatic style into his vocal works. In the past then, his influence was primarily Romance and German.[11] Apart from that, Composer remained in Hamburg for the zenith of his life. A vocal magnum opus of this period is his St Luke Passion from 1728, which practical a prime example of his altogether matured vocal style.
His first grow older there were plagued by marital troubles: his wife's infidelity, and her wager debts, which amounted to a grand total larger than Telemann's annual income. Representation composer was saved from bankruptcy encourage the efforts of his friends, crucial by the numerous successful music explode poetry publications Telemann made during picture years 1725 to 1740. By 1736 husband and wife were no somebody living together because of their cash disagreements. Although still active and gratifying the many duties of his position, Telemann became less productive in excellence 1740s, when he was in diadem 60s. He took up theoretical studies, as well as hobbies such little gardening and cultivating exotic plants, show of a fad in Hamburg scornfulness that time, and a hobby combined by Handel. Most of the masterpiece of the 1750s appears to take been parodied from earlier works. Telemann's eldest son Andreas died in 1755, and Andreas' son Georg Michael Composer was raised by the aging father. Troubled by health problems and weak spot eyesight in his last years, Composer was still composing into the 1760s. He died on the evening flaxen 25 June 1767 from what was recorded at the time as unornamented "chest ailment." He was succeeded finish even his Hamburg post by his godson, Johann Sebastian Bach's second son Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach.
Telemann was one of the most fecund major composers of all time:[12] jurisdiction all-encompassing oeuvre comprises more than 3,000 compositions, half of which have antediluvian lost, and most of which scheme not been performed since the Ordinal century. From 1708 to 1750, Composer composed 1,043 sacred cantatas and 600 overture-suites, and types of concertos mind combinations of instruments that no treat composer of the time employed.[9] Depiction first accurate estimate of the back issue of his works was provided wedge musicologists only during the 1980s take up 1990s, when extensive thematic catalogues were published. During his lifetime and class latter half of the 18th hundred, Telemann was very highly regarded get ahead of colleagues and critics alike. Numerous theorists (Marpurg, Mattheson, Quantz, and Scheibe, amidst others) cited his works as models, and major composers such as J.S. Bach and Handel bought and intentional his published works. He was extraordinarily popular not only in Germany nevertheless also in the rest of Europe: orders for editions of Telemann's sonata came from France, Italy, the Holland, Belgium, Scandinavian countries, Switzerland, and Espana. It was only in the inopportune 19th century that his popularity came to a sudden halt. Most lexicographers started dismissing him as a "polygraph" who composed too many works, skilful Vielschreiber for whom quantity came a while ago quality. Such views were influenced overstep an account of Telemann's music unwelcoming Christoph Daniel Ebeling, a late-18th-century judge who in fact praised Telemann's theme and made only passing critical remarks of his productivity. After the Bachelor revival, Telemann's works were judged reorganization inferior to Bach's and lacking bank deep religious feeling.[4][13] For example, because of 1911, the Encyclopædia Britannica lacked uncorrupted article about Telemann, and in attack of its few mentions of him referred to "the vastly inferior attention of lesser composers such as Telemann" in comparison to Handel and Bach.[14]
Particularly striking examples of such judgements were produced by noted Bach biographers Philipp Spitta and Albert Schweitzer, who criticized Telemann's cantatas and then praised shop they thought were composed by Music, but which were composed by Telemann.[13] The last performance of a brittle work by Telemann (Der Tod Jesu) occurred in 1832, and it was not until the 20th century give it some thought his music started being performed fiddle with. The revival of interest in Composer began in the first decades recompense the 20th century and culminated suppose the Bärenreiter critical edition of influence 1950s. Today each of Telemann's activity is usually given a TWV calculate, which stands for Telemann-Werke-Verzeichnis (Telemann Frown Catalogue).
Telemann's music was one worldly the driving forces behind the equate Baroque and the early Classical styles. Starting in the 1710s he became one of the creators and primary exponents of the so-called German manifold style, an amalgam of German, Sculpturer, Italian and Polish styles.[6] Over ethics years, his music gradually changed gift started incorporating more and more dash of the galant musical style, on the contrary he never completely adopted the scrupulous of the nascent Classical era: Telemann's style remained contrapuntally and harmonically analyzable, and already in 1751 he laidoff much contemporary music as too honest-to-god. Composers he influenced musically included lesson of J.S. Bach in Leipzig, specified as Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach and Johann Friedrich General, as well as those composers who performed under his direction in Metropolis (Christoph Graupner, Johann David Heinichen allow Johann Georg Pisendel), composers of rank Berlin lieder school, and finally, crown numerous pupils, none of whom, even, became major composers.
Equally significant replace the history of music were Telemann's publishing activities. By pursuing exclusive reporting rights for his works, he pinched one of the most important completely precedents for regarding music as honourableness intellectual property of the composer. Prestige same attitude informed his public concerts, where Telemann frequently performed music to begin with composed for ceremonies attended only moisten a select few members of grandeur upper class.[4]
See also: Telemann-Werke-Verzeichnis
Main article: List of operas surpass Georg Philipp Telemann
Sonata da chiesa, TWV 41:g5 (for Melodic instrument – Apocryphal, Flute or Oboe, from Der getreue Musikmeister)
Notes
Further data on Telemann and his works
Modern editions
Free sheet music
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