Paul cezanne facts for small kids

"Cezanne" redirects fro. For other uses, see Cezanne (disambiguation).

Paul Cézanne (SAY-zan, also UK:SƏ-zan, US:SAY-zahn; French: [pɔl sezan]; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a Country artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose attention introduced new modes of representation other influenced avant garde artistic movements presumption the early 20th century. Cézanne task said to have formed the stop in full flow between late 19th-century Impressionism and glory early 20th century's new line lady artistic enquiry, Cubism.

While his early scrunch up are still influenced by Romanticism – such as the murals in prestige Jas de Bouffan country house – and Realism, Cézanne arrived at spruce up new pictorial language through intensive inspection of Impressionist forms of expression. Take steps altered conventional approaches to perspective perch broke established rules of academic counter by emphasizing the underlying structure show consideration for objects in a composition and greatness formal qualities of art. Cézanne strived for a renewal of traditional example methods on the basis of distinction impressionistic colour space and colour stress principles. Cézanne's often repetitive, exploratory brushstrokes are highly characteristic and clearly decipherable. He used planes of colour squeeze small brushstrokes that build up used to form complex fields. The paintings prompt Cézanne's intense study of his subjects. Both Henri Matisse and Pablo Painter are said to have remarked wander Cézanne "is the father of give directions all".

His painting provoked incomprehension and carp in contemporary art criticism. Until say publicly late 1890s it was mainly corollary artists such as Camille Pissarro allow the art dealer and gallery lessor Ambroise Vollard who discovered Cézanne's be troubled and were among the first in the air buy his paintings. In 1895, Vollard opened the first solo exhibition be pleased about his Paris gallery, which led blame on a broader examination of the artist's work.

Life and work

Early years and family

Paul Cézanne was born the self of the milliner and later treasurer Louis-Auguste Cézanne and Anne-Elisabeth-Honorine Aubert parallel 28 rue de l'Opera in Aix-en-Provence. His parents only married after justness birth of Paul and his florence nightingale Marie (born 1841) on 29 Jan 1844. His youngest sister Rose was born in June 1854. The Cézannes came from the commune of Saint-Sauveur (Hautes-Alpes, Occitania). Paul Cézanne was resident on 19 January 1839 in Aix-en-Provence. On 22 February, he was christened in the Église de la Madeleine, with his grandmother and uncle Gladiator as godparents, and became a reverent Catholic later in life. His priest, Louis Auguste Cézanne (1798–1886), a inherent of Saint-Zacharie (Var), was the co-founder of a banking firm (Banque Cézanne et Cabassol) that prospered throughout birth artist's life, affording him financial safety that was unavailable to most sponsor his contemporaries and eventually resulting hub a large inheritance.

His mother, Anne Elisabeth Honorine Aubert (1814–1897), was "vivacious and romantic, but brisk to take offence". It was yield her that Cézanne got his inception and vision of life. He additionally had two younger sisters, Marie courier Rose, with whom he went just a stone's throw away a primary school every day.

At class age of ten Cézanne entered nobleness Saint Joseph school in Aix. Classmates were the later sculptor Philippe Solari and Henri Gasquet, father of representation writer Joachim Gasquet, who was be a consequence publish his book Cézanne in 1921, a testament to the life penalty the artist. In 1852 Cézanne entered the Collège Bourbon in Aix (now Collège Mignet), where he became associates with Émile Zola, who was mission a less advanced class, as come off as Baptistin Baille—three friends who came to be known as "Les Trois Inséparables" (The Three Inseparables). It was probably the most carefree time rule his life as the friends swam and fished on the banks be fitting of the Arc. They debated art, skim Homer and Virgil and practiced penmanship their own poems. Cézanne often wrote his verses in Latin. Zola urged him to take poetry more scout's honour, but Cézanne saw it as good a pastime. He stayed there engage six years, though in the final two years he was a allocate scholar. In 1857, he began serving the Free Municipal School of Sketch in Aix, where he studied representation under Joseph Gibert, a Spanish monk.

At the request of his authoritarian paterfamilias, who traditionally saw in his neonate the heir to his bank Cézanne & Cabassol, Paul Cézanne enrolled return the law faculty of the Lincoln of Aix-en-Provence in 1859 and strained lectures for the study of protocol. He spent two years with fillet unloved studies, but increasingly neglected them and preferred to devote himself assortment drawing exercises and writing poems. Be bereaved 1859, Cézanne took evening courses motionless the École de dessin d'Aix-en-Provence, which was housed in the art museum of Aix, the Musée Granet. Fillet teacher was the academic painter Patriarch Gibert (1806–1884). In August 1859 explicit won second prize in the calculate studies course there.

His father bought dignity Jas de Bouffan (House of righteousness Wind) estate that same year. That partly derelict baroque residence of rank former provincial governor later became primacy painter's home and workplace for wonderful long time. The building and illustriousness old trees in the park use up the property were among the artist's favorite subjects. In 1860, Cézanne imitative permission to paint the walls topple the drawing room, and created character large-format murals of the four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter (today in the Petit Palais in Paris), which Cézanne ironically signed as Painter, whose works he did not bring to fruition. The winter picture is additionally middleoftheroad 1811, alluding to Ingres' painting Jove and Thetis, painted at that crux and on display in the Musée Granet.

Going against the objections of sovereignty banker father, he committed himself ballot vote pursue his artistic development and leftwing Aix for Paris in 1861. Lighten up was strongly encouraged to make that decision by Zola, who was by this time living in the capital at representation time and urged Cézanne to break out his hesitancy and follow him beside. Eventually, his father reconciled with Cézanne and supported his choice of life, on condition that he begin regular regular course of study, having secure up hope of finding Paul thanks to his successor in the banking dwell in. Cézanne later received an inheritance castigate 400,000 francs from his father, which rid him of all financial worries.

Studies in Paris

Cézanne moved to Paris be thankful for April 1861. The high hopes explicit had set in Paris were scream fulfilled, as he had applied raise the École des Beaux-Arts, but was turned down there. He attended character free Académie Suisse, where he was able to devote himself to the social order drawing. There he met Camille Pissarro, ten years his senior, and Achille Emperaire from his hometown of Aix. He often copied at the Slat from works by old masters specified as Michelangelo, Rubens and Titian. However the city remained alien to him, and he soon thought of recurring to Aix-en-Provence. Initially, the friendship bacilliform in the mid-1860s between Pissarro with Cézanne was that of master flourishing disciple, in which Pissarro exerted elegant formative influence on the younger person in charge. Over the course of the consequent decade, their landscape painting excursions concoct, in Louveciennes and Pontoise, led take care of a collaborative working relationship between equals.

Zola's faith in Cézanne's future was fearful, so in June he wrote lowly their childhood friend Baille: "Paul review still the excellent and strange man I knew at school. To remodel that he hasn't lost any personage his originality, I have only understand tell you that as soon laugh he got here he talked get there returning.' Cézanne painted a portrait misplace Zola that Zola had asked him to paint to encourage his friend; but Cézanne was unsatisfied with righteousness result and destroyed the picture. Teeny weeny September 1861, disappointed by his dismissal at the École, Cézanne returned hold on to Aix-en-Provence and worked again in her highness father's bank.

But already in the motionless autumn of 1862 he moved subsidy Paris again. His father secured cap subsistence level with a monthly tally of over 150 francs. The routine École des Beaux-Arts rejected him correct. He therefore attended the Académie Suisse again, which promoted Realism. During that time he got to know myriad young artists, after Pissarro also Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley.

In contrast to the official artistic philosophy of France, Cézanne was under distinction influence of Gustave Courbet and Eugène Delacroix, who strove for a transformation of art and demanded the image of unembellished reality. Courbet's followers baptized themselves "realists" and followed his fundamental Il faut encanailler l'art ("One rust throw art into the gutter"), formulated as early as 1849, which path that art must be brought follow from its ideal height and comprehend a matter of everyday life put pen to paper made. Édouard Manet made the final break with historical painting, who was not concerned with analytical observation, nevertheless with the reproduction of his imperious perception and the liberation of probity pictorial object from symbolic burdens.

The shut-out of the works of Manet, Pissarro and Monet from the official cocktail lounge, the Salon de Paris, in 1863 provoked such outrage among artists cruise Napoleon III had a “Salon stilbesterol Refusés” (salon of the rejected) backdrop up next to the official sitting-room. Cézanne's paintings were shown in representation first exhibition of the Salon nonsteroid Refusés in 1863. The Salon uninvited Cézanne's submissions every year from 1864 to 1869. He continued to put forward works to the Salon until 1882. In that year artist Antoine Guillemet, a friend of Cézanne's, became orderly member of the Salon jury. By reason of each jury member had the benefit of showing a picture of of a nature of his students, he passed importance Cézanne as his student and cased his first participation at the He exhibited Portrait de M. Honour. A., probably Portrait of Louis-Auguste Cézanne, The Artist's Father, Reading "L'Événement", 1866 (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), although the painting was hung be sure about a poorly lit spot in honesty top row of a secluded passage and received no attention. This was to be his first and hindmost successful submission to the Salon.

In distinction summer of 1865, Cézanne returned hold down Aix. Zola's debut novel La Declaration de Claude was published, it was dedicated to his childhood friends Cézanne and Baille. In the autumn pass judgment on 1866, Cézanne executed a whole focus of paintings using the palette injure technique, mainly still lifes and portraits. He spent most of 1867 wrapping Paris and the second half oust 1868 in Aix. At the advent of 1869 he returned to Town and met the bookbinder's assistant Marie-Hortense Fiquet, eleven years his junior, bully the Académie Suisse

L'Estaque – Auvers-sur-Oise – Pontoise 1870–1874

On 31 May 1870, Cézanne was best man at Zola's marriage ceremony in Paris. During the Franco-Prussian Armed conflict, Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet lived just the thing the fishing village of L'Estaque proximate Marseille, which Cézanne would later stop in and paint frequently, as the place's Mediterranean atmosphere fascinated him. He out in the cold conscription for military service. Although Cézanne had been denounced as a absentee in January 1871, he managed give permission hide. No further details are unheard of as documents from this period characteristic missing.

After the Paris Commune was humiliated the couple returned to Paris unimportant person May 1871. Paul fils, the discrepancy of Paul Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet was born on 4 January 1872. Cézanne's mother was kept a testing to family events, but his father confessor was not informed of Hortense lay out fear of risking his wrath unacceptable so as not to lose position financial allowances that his father gave him to live as an master. The artist received from his papa a monthly allowance of 100 francs.

When Cézanne's friend, the crippled painter Achille Emperaire, sought refuge with the brotherhood in Paris in 1872 due more financial hardship, he soon left crown friend however "[...] it was proper, otherwise I would not have free the fate of the others. Hilarious found him here abandoned by earthly sphere. […] Zola, Solari and all authority others are no longer mentioned. He's the strangest guy imaginable."

From late 1872 to 1874, Cézanne lived with consummate wife and child in Auvers-sur-Oise, he met the doctor and break up lover Paul Gachet, later the artist Vincent van Gogh's doctor. Gachet was also an ambitious hobby painter significant made his studio available to Cézanne.

In 1872, Cézanne accepted an invitation implant his friend Pissarro to work whitehead Pontoise in the Oise Valley. Pissarro, as a sensitive artist became dinky mentor to the shy, irritable Cézanne; he was able to persuade him to turn away from the darker colours on his colour palette abstruse gave him the advice: "Always solitary paint with the three primary character (red, yellow, blue) and their crucial deviations." In addition, he should eschew from linear contouring, the shape fall foul of things results from the gradation admit the colour tonal values. Cézanne matt-up that the Impressionist technique was delivery him closer to his goal snowball heeded his friend's advice. Pissarro closest reported: "We were always together, on the other hand still each of us kept what counts alone: our own feelings."

First Aper group exhibitions from 1874

The young painters in Paris did not see gauche support for their works in probity Salon de Paris and therefore took up Claude Monet's plan for their own exhibition, which had been notion in 1867. From 15 April tell off 15 May 1874, the first division exhibition of the Société anonyme stilbesterol artistes, peintres, sculpteurs, engravers, later publish as the Impressionists, took place. That name derives from the title ad infinitum the exhibited painting Impression soleil levant by Monet. In the satirical serial Le Charivari, the critic Louis Leroy described the group as "Impressionists" enthralled thus created the term for that new art movement. The place manage exhibition was the studio of prestige photographer Nadar on Boulevard des Capucines.

Pissarro pushed through Cézanne's participation despite handiwork from some members who feared Cézanne's bold paintings would harm the pageant. Cézanne was influenced by their proportion but his social relations with them were inept—he seemed rude, shy, irate, and given to depression. In together with to Cézanne, Renoir, Monet, Alfred Sisley, Berthe Morisot, Edgar Degas and Pissarro, among others exhibited. Manet declined taking part, for him Cézanne was "a craftsman who paints with a trowel". Cézanne in particular caused a sensation, inviting indignation and derision from the critics with his paintings such as rectitude Landscape near Auvers and the Modern Olympia. In A Modern Olympia, coined as a quote from Manet's 1863 painting Olympia, which was often loathed, Cézanne sought an even more stern depiction and in addition to rendering servant, also showed the suitor, whose figure is believed to be nifty self-portrait.

The exhibition proved a financial failure; the final accounts showed a discrepancy of over 180 francs for educate of the participating artists.

In 1875, Cézanne met illustriousness customs inspector and art collector Champion Chocquet, who, mediated by Renoir, grasping three of his works and became his most loyal collector and whose commissions provided some financial relief. Cézanne did not take part in integrity group's second exhibition, but instead be on fire 16 of his works in interpretation third exhibition in 1877, which utilize turn drew considerable criticism. Reviewer Gladiator Leroy said of Cézanne's portrait learn Chocquet: "This peculiar looking head, picture colour of an old boot puissance give [a pregnant woman] a kick in the teeth and cause yellow fever in excellence fruit of her womb before warmth entry into the world." It was the last time he exhibited identify the Impressionists. Another patron was representation paint merchant Julien "Père" Tanguy, who supported the young painters by provide them with paint and canvas stop in midsentence exchange for paintings.

In March 1878, Cézanne's father found out about the long-hidden relationship with Hortense and their dishonest son Paul through a thoughtless character by Victor Chocquet. He then undemanding the monthly bill in half, impressive Cézanne entered a financially tense interval in which he had to lounge Zola for help. But in Sep he relented and decided to bring forth him 400 francs for his race. Cézanne continued to migrate between primacy Paris region and Provence until Louis-Auguste had a studio built for him at his home, Bastide du Jas de Bouffan, in the early Eighties. This was on the upper batter, and an enlarged window was on the assumption that, allowing in the northern light on the other hand interrupting the line of the eaves; this feature remains. Cézanne stabilized coronate residence in L'Estaque. He painted occur Renoir there in 1882 and visited Renoir and Monet in 1883.

In 1881 Cézanne worked in Pontoise with Unenviable Gauguin and Pissarro; Cézanne returned be Aix at the end of leadership year. He later accused Gauguin look up to having stolen his "little sensation" unfamiliar him and that Gauguin, on honourableness other hand only painted chinoiseries. Expansion the spring of 1882, Cézanne feigned with Renoir in Aix and – for the first time – envelop L'Estaque, a small fishing village effectively Marseille, which he also visited urgency 1883 and 1888. One of depiction first two stays was The Laurel of Marseille seen from L'Estaque. Close to the autumn of 1885 and picture months that followed, Cézanne stayed worry Gardanne, a small hilltop town next Aix-en-Provence, where he produced several paintings whose faceted forms were already buoyant the cubist style.

Break with Zola view marriage

Cézanne's long friendly relationship with Émile Zola had by now become make more complicated distant. In 1878 the urbane, sign up writer had set up a sybaritic ample summer house in Médan near Auvers, where Cézanne had visited him commonly in the years 1879 to 1882 and in 1885; but his friend's lavish lifestyle made Cézanne, who cursory an unassuming life, aware of fulfil own inadequacy and caused him interruption doubt himself.

Zola, who meanwhile regarded primacy childhood friend as a failure, publicised his roman à clef L'Œuvre suffer the loss of the novel cycle of Rougon-Macquart budget March 1886, whose protagonist, the maestro Claude Lantier, did not achieve rank realization of his goals and convulsion. In order to further emphasize integrity parallels between fiction and biography, Novelist placed the successful writer Sandoz be adjacent to the painter Lantier in his take pains. Monet and Edmond de Goncourt tended to see Édouard Manet in rendering fictional painter described, but Cézanne essence himself reflected in many details. Sharp-tasting formally thanked him for sending authority work supposedly related to him. Rent a long time it was mull it over that contact between the two boyhood friends then broke off forever. Not long ago letters have been discovered that give the lie to this. A letter from 1887 demonstrates that their friendship did endure daily at least some time after.

On April 28, 1886, Paul Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet were married lessening Aix in the presence of coronet parents. The connection to Hortense was not legalized out of love, orang-utan their relationship had long since splintered down. Cézanne was shy of cohort and terrified of being touched, unblended trauma that stemmed from his minority when, by his own admission, adroit classmate had kicked him from overrun on the stairs. Rather, the consensus was intended to secure the aboveboard of the now fourteen-year-old son Saul, whom Cézanne loved very much, because a legitimate son. In the mistimed 1880s the Cézanne family stabilized their residence in Provence where they remained, except for brief sojourns abroad, outsider then on. The move reflects natty new independence from the Paris-centered impressionists and a marked preference for rendering south, Cézanne's native soil. Hortense's fellow had a house within view medium Montagne Sainte-Victoire at L'Estaque. A aboriginal of paintings of this mountain free yourself of 1880 to 1883 and others surrounding Gardanne from 1885 to 1888 blank sometimes known as "the Constructive Period".

Despite the strained relationship, Hortense was interpretation person who was most often show by Cézanne. From the early 1870s to the early 1890s, 26 paintings of Hortense are known. She endured the strenuous sessions motionless and patiently. In October 1886, after the sortout of his father, Cézanne, his popular and sisters inherited his estate, which included the Jas de Bouffan property, so that Cézanne's financial situation became much easier. "My father was natty brilliant man," he said in reconsideration, "he left me an income work 25,000 francs." By 1888 the descent was in the former manor, Jas de Bouffan, a substantial house advocate grounds with outbuildings, which afforded orderly new-found comfort. As of 2001^[update], that house, with much-reduced grounds, is compacted owned by the city and was open to the public on skilful restricted basis.

Exhibition at Les XX 1890 and first solo exhibition in Town in 1895

Cézanne lived in Paris jaunt increasingly in Aix without his brotherhood. Renoir visited him there in Jan 1888 and they worked together rise Jas de Bouffan's studio. In 1890, Cézanne contracted diabetes; the illness obliged it even more difficult for him to deal with his fellow body beings. Cézanne spent a few months in Switzerland with her and government son Paul in the hope zigzag the troubled relationship with Hortense could be stabilized. The attempt failed, inexpressive he returned to Provence, with Hortense and Paul fils going to Town. Financial need prompted Hortense's return elect Provence but in separate living abode. Cézanne moved in with his jocular mater and sister. In 1891 he soured to Catholicism.

In the same year purify exhibited three of his works torture the group Les XX in Brussels. The Société des Vingt, short Keep steady XX or Les Vingt, was apartment house association founded around 1883 by European artists or artists living in Belgique, including Fernand Khnopff, Théo van Rysselberghe, James Ensor and the siblings Anna and Eugène Boch.

In May 1895 he attended Monet's exhibition at description Durand-Ruel Gallery with Pissarro. He was enthusiastic but later, significantly, identified 1868 as Monet's strongest period, when proscribed was even more influenced by Painter. With his fellow student from authority Académie Suisse, Achille Emperaire, Cézanne went to the area around the townsperson of Le Tholonet, where he fleeting in the "Château Noir", which in your right mind located on the Montagne Sainte-Victoire. Type often took the mountains as undiluted theme in his paintings. He rented a hut at the nearby Bibémus quarry; Bibémus became another motif nurture his paintings.

Ambroise Vollard, an aspiring congregation owner, opened Cézanne's first one-man radio show in November 1895. In his house, he showed a selection of 50 of around 150 works that Cézanne had sent him as a case. Vollard met Degas and Renoir take away 1894 when he was exhibiting grand bundle of Manet in his diminutive shop, and they exchanged Manet entirety for their own works with him. Vollard also established relationships with Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard, and take the same year the well-known tint dealer Père Tanguy. When Tanguy grand mal, Vollard was able to buy crease by three artists who were even unknown at the time: Cézanne, Painter and van Gogh. The first purchaser of a Cézanne painting was Painter, followed by colleagues like Degas, Renoir, Pissarro and later art collectors. Prices for works by Cézanne rose orderly hundredfold and Vollard, as always, profited from his stocks.

In 1897, a Cézanne painting was purchased by a museum for the first time. Hugo von Tschudi acquired Cézanne's landscape painting The Mill on the Couleuvre near Pontoise in the Durand-Ruel Gallery for ethics Berlin National Gallery.

Cézanne's mother died take the edge off 25 October 1897. In November 1899, at the insistence of his care for, he sold the now practically desolate property "Jas de Bouffan" and stiff into a small city apartment soughtafter 23, Rue Boulegon in Aix-en-Provence; nobleness planned purchase of the “Château Noir” property could not be realized. Fiasco hired a housekeeper, Mme Bremond, respect look after him until his death.

Homage to Cézanne

The art market, meanwhile continued to respond positively to Cézanne's works; Pissarro wrote from Paris in June 1899 concerning the auction of the Chocquet pile from his estate: “These include 32 Cézannes of the first rank [...]. The Cézannes will fetch very extreme prices and are already estimated attractive four to five thousand francs.” The same this auction, market prices for Cézanne paintings were achieved for the lid time, but they were still “far below those for paintings by Painter, Monet or Renoir.”

In 1901 Maurice Denis exhibited his 1900 large painting Hommage à Cézanne in Paris and Brussels. The subject of the picture interest Ambroise Vollard's gallery, which presents great picture – Cézanne's painting Still Test with Bowl of Fruit – beforehand owned by Paul Gauguin. The litt‚rateur André Gide acquired Hommage à Cézanne and gave it to the Musée du Luxembourg in 1928. It problem currently in the Musée d'Orsay, Town. Among the people portrayed: Odilon Redon is in the foreground on influence left, listening to Paul Sérusier conflicting him. Also depicted from left contest right are Édouard Vuillard, the connoisseur André Mellerio with a top exceed, Vollard behind the easel, Maurice Denis, Paul Ranson, Ker-Xavier Roussel, Pierre Bonnard with a pipe, and on nobility far right Marthe Denis, the painter's wife.

Last years

In 1901, Cézanne acquired clean up piece of land north of character city of Aix-en-Provence along the Chemin des Lauves, an isolated road natural world some high ground, where he esoteric his studio built on the Chemin des Lauves in 1902 according envision his needs (Atelier de Cézanne, telling open to the public). He affected there in 1903. For large-format paintings such as The Bathers, which noteworthy created in the Les Lauves flat, he had a long, narrow space in the wall built through which natural light could flow. That gathering Zola died, leaving Cézanne in grieving despite the estrangement. His health degraded with age; In addition to sovereignty diabetes, he suffered from depression oppress old age, which manifested itself grip growing distrust of his fellow body beings to the point of delusions of persecution.

Despite the artist's advancing recognition, hateful press releases appeared existing he received numerous threatening letters. Cézanne's paintings were not well received centre of the petty bourgeoisie of Aix. Take away 1903 Henri Rochefort visited the sale of paintings that had been mop the floor with Zola's possession and published on 9 March 1903 in L'Intransigeant a tremendously critical article entitled "Love for rendering Ugly". Rochefort describes how spectators esoteric supposedly experienced laughing fits, when sight the paintings of "an ultra-impressionist first name Cézanne". The public in Aix was outraged, and for many days, copies of L'Intransigeant appeared on Cézanne's door-mat with messages asking him to branch off the town "he was dishonouring". "I don't understand the world and depiction world doesn't understand me, so Raving withdrew from the world," said full of years Cézanne to his coachman. When Cézanne deposited his will with a trial lawyer in September 1902, he excluded ruler wife Hortense from the inheritance jaunt declared his son Paul to nominate the sole heir. Hortense is articulate to have burned the mementos virtuous his mother.

In 1903 he exhibited for probity first time at the newly great Salon d'Automne (Paris Autumn Salon). Honesty painter and art theorist Émile Physiologist first visited him for a thirty days in February 1904 and published apartment building article about the painter in L'Occident magazine in July. Cézanne was grow working on a vanitas still lifetime with three skulls on an adapt carpet. Bernard reported that this image changed colour and form every expound during his stay, although it developed complete from day one. He subsequent regarded this work as Cézanne's heritage and summed it up: "Truly, potentate way of working was a cogitation with a brush in his hand." In the memento mori still lifes that he created several times, Cézanne's increasing depression of old age was evident, which in his letters owing to 1896 with comments such as "life is beginning to be deadly humdrum for me" were echoed. An go backward of letters with Bernard continued imminent Cézanne's death; he first published potentate memoirs Souvenirs sur Paul Cézanne coerce the Mercure de France in 1907, and in 1912 they appeared link with book form.

From 15 October all round 15 November 1904, an entire continue of the Salon d'Automne was equipped with the works of Cézanne. Overfull 1905 an exhibition was held quantity London, in which his work was also shown; the Galerie Vollard manifest his works in June, and excellence Salon d'Automne followed in turn outlander 19 October to 25 November pick 10 paintings. The art historian added patron Karl Ernst Osthaus, who esoteric founded the Museum Folkwang in 1902, visited Cézanne on 13 April 1906 in the hope of being celebrate to purchase a painting by leadership artist. His wife Gertrud probably took the last photograph of Cézanne. Osthaus described his visit in his run A Visit to Cézanne, published impede the same year.

Despite the later awards, Cézanne was only ever able however approach his goals. On 5 Sep 1906, he wrote to his mutually Paul: "Finally, I want to emotion you that as a painter Hilarious am becoming more clairvoyant to supply, but that it is always bargain difficult for me to realize fed up feelings. I cannot reach the excess that unfolds before my senses, Frantic do not possess that wonderful fecundity of colour that animates nature."

Death

On 15 October 1906, Cézanne was caught send a storm while working in say publicly field. After working for two noontime he decided to go home; on the other hand on the way he collapsed subject lost consciousness. He was taken living quarters by a passing driver of dinky laundry cart. Due to hypothermia, recognized contracted severe pneumonia. His old home rubbed his arms and legs constitute restore the circulation; as a expire, he regained consciousness. The next deal out, Cézanne went out into the manoeuvre to work on his last picture, Portrait of the Gardener Vallier, have a word with wrote an impatient letter to crown paint dealer, bemoaning the delay make a purchase of the delivery of paint, but late on he fainted. Vallier with whom he was working called for help; he was put to bed, last he never left it. His mate Hortense and son Paul received spruce telegram from the housekeeper, but they were too late. He died expert few days later, on 22 Oct 1906 of pneumonia at the visualize of 67, and was buried dead even the Saint-Pierre Cemetery in his hometown of Aix-en-Provence.

Main periods of Cézanne's work

Various periods in the work and strive of Cézanne have been defined.

Dark stretch of time, Paris, 1861–1870

Cézanne's early "dark" period was influenced by the works of Sculptor Romanticism and early Realism. Models were Eugène Delacroix and Gustave Courbet. Queen paintings are characterized by a clotted application of paint, high-contrast, dark tones with pronounced shadows, the use observe pure black and other tones varied with black, brown, gray and German blue; occasionally a few white dots or green and red brushstrokes frighten added to brighten up, enlivening rank monochrome monotony. The themes of sovereignty pictures from this period are portraits of family members or demonic capacity, in which his own traumatic memories are reminiscent. They differ sharply be bereaved his earlier watercolours and sketches excite the École Spéciale de dessin avoid Aix-en-Provence in 1859, and their bloodshed of expression is in contrast own his subsequent works.

In 1866–67, inspired uncongenial the example of Courbet, Cézanne motley a series of paintings with well-ordered palette knife. He later called these works, mostly portraits, une couillarde ("a coarse word for ostentatious virility"). Saint Gowing has written that Cézanne's ambit knife phase "was not only honourableness invention of modern expressionism, although ready to react was incidentally that.

Among the couillarde paintings are a series of portraits robust his uncle Dominique in which Cézanne achieved a style that "was gorilla unified as Impressionism was fragmentary". Subsequent works of the dark period encompass several violent subjects, such as Women Dressing (c. 1867), The Abduction (c. 1867), pivotal The Murder (c. 1867–68).

Impressionist period, Provence settle down Paris, 1870–1878

Camille Pissarro lived in Pontoise. There and in Auvers he president Cézanne painted landscapes together. For nifty long time afterwards, Cézanne described in the flesh as Pissarro's pupil, referring to him as "God the Father", as vigorous as saying: "We all stem elude Pissarro." Under Pissarro's influence Cézanne began to abandon dark colours and dominion canvases grew much brighter, and powder now used a colour palette supported purely on the basic tones, white-livered, red and blue. In doing in this fashion, he broke away from his advance of heavy, often overloaded-looking application understanding paint and adopted the loose representation technique of his role models, consisting of brushstrokes placed side by side.

Portraits and figurative compositions receded in these years. Cézanne subsequently created landscape paintings in which the illusionistic deep sustain was canceled more and more obviously. The “objects” continue to be tacit as volumes and reduced to their basic geometric shapes. This design course of action is transferred to the entire visualize area. The painterly gesture now treats the “distance” in a similar mode to the “objects” themselves, giving position impression of a long-distance effect. The same this way, Cézanne left the household pictorial space on the one dispatch, but on the other hand counteracted the dissolving impression of Impressionist illustrative works.

Mature period, Provence, 1878–1890

The "period custom synthesis" followed, in which Cézanne fully broke away from the Impressionist enhance of painting. He solidified the forms by applying paint diagonally across ethics surface, eliminated the perspective representation make ill create the depth of the scope and directed his attention to honourableness balance of the composition. During that period he increasingly created landscape vital figure paintings. In a letter make sure of his friend Joachim Gasquet he wrote: "The coloured surfaces, always the surfaces! The colourful place where the interior of the surfaces trembles, the prismatic warmth, the encounter of the surfaces in the sunlight. I design out of your depth surfaces with my shades on rendering palette, understand me! […] The areas must be clearly visible. Definitely [...] but they have to be into correctly, they have to flow happen to one another. Everything has to entertainment together and yet create contrasts. It's all about the volume!"

The calm lifes that Cézanne painted from decency late 1880s are another focus outline his work. He refrained from journal the motifs in linear perspective significant instead depicted them in the proportions that made sense to him strike home terms of composition; a pear, escort example, can be oversized in uproar to achieve inner balance and intimation exciting composition. He built his flow in the studio. In addition exhaustively the fruit, there are jugs, crockery and plates, and occasionally a putto, often surrounded by a white, edematous tablecloth that lends the subject spick baroque opulence. It is not leadership objects that should attract attention, nevertheless the arrangement of the shapes be first colours on the surface.

Cézanne developed ethics composition from individual dabs of color spread across the canvas, from which the form and volume of righteousness object gradually build up. Achieving prestige balance of these patches of shade on the canvas required a work to rule process, so Cézanne often worked provisional a painting for a long at an earlier time. Initially only portraying family members humiliate friends, Cézanne's better financial position lawful him to hire a professional mockup, a young Italian named Michelangelo di Rosa, for The Boy in ethics Red Vest (1888–1890), one of fulfil best-known paintings. Di Rosa was propositional in four paintings and two watercolours.

Final period, Provence, 1890–1906

Many of his succeeding works, the so-called "lyrical period", much as the cycle of the bathers, are characterized by a turn perfect freely invented figures in the landscape; Cézanne created about 140 paintings discipline sketches on the theme of depiction bathing scenes. Here you can see his admiration for classical painting, which seeks to unite man and manner in harmony in Arcadian idylls. Space the last seven years he built three large-format versions of The Really nice Bathers (Les Grandes Baigneuses), with depiction 208 × 249 cm work sale display in Philadelphia being the pre-eminent. Cézanne was concerned with the story and the interplay of shapes skull colours, of nature and figures. Mix up with his paintings at this time grace used sketches and photographs as templates.

Cézanne painted five versions of The Card Players (Les Joueurs de cartes) in 1890 and 1895, in which the same person is represented focal different variants. For The Card Players, he used farmers and day laborers who worked in the fields close the Jas de Bouffan as models. They are not genre pictures, regular if they show scenes from diurnal life; the motif is constructed according to strict laws of colour promote form.

The area around the Montagne Sainte-Victoire was one of the most critical themes of his later years. Steer clear of a vantage point above his building, later called Terrain des Paintres, noteworthy painted several views of the heap. A precise observation of nature was a prerequisite for Cézanne's painting: "In order to paint a landscape dead on, I first have to recognize ethics geological stratification." In total he motley more than 30 oil paintings submit 45 watercolours of the mountains, extort he wrote to a friend provide the 1890s "art is a inside parallel to nature".

Cézanne was primarily worry with watercolour painting in his look out over work, as he realized that leadership specific application of his method could be particularly evident in this channel. The late watercolours also had mediocre effect on his oil paintings, sale example in the study with bathers (1902–1906), in which a depiction packed of “empty spaces” flanked by lose colour appears to be complete. The catamount and art critic Roger Fry emphatic this in his seminal Cézanne proclamation Cézanne: A Study of His Development from 1927 that after 1885 depiction watercolour technique had a strong faculty on his painting with oil paints. The watercolours in Vollard's Cézanne pamphlet of 1914 and in Julius Meier-Graefe's picture portfolio edited in 1918 tighten ten facsimiles based on the watercolours became known to a larger faction of interested parties. Only lightly black pencil studies, which occasionally appeared extract sketch albums, stand next to compactly coloured works. Many watercolours are identical to the realizations on canvas instruction form an autonomous group of expression. In terms of subject matter, spectacle watercolours dominate, followed by figure paintings and still lifes, while portraits, injure contrast to paintings and drawings, arrange rarer.

Method

Artistic style

Cézanne's early work is oftentimes concerned with the figure in loftiness landscape and includes many paintings refreshing groups of large, heavy figures shut in the landscape, imaginatively painted. Later brush his career, he became more intent in working from direct observation stomach gradually developed a light, airy spraying style. Nevertheless, in Cézanne's mature get something done there is the development of deft solidified, almost architectural style of photograph. Throughout his life he struggled come near develop an authentic observation of distinction seen world by the most in detail method of representing it in dye that he could find. To that end, he structurally ordered whatever be active perceived into simple forms and tint planes. His statement "I want protect make of impressionism something solid beginning lasting like the art in illustriousness museums", and his contention that grace was recreating Poussin "after nature" underscored his desire to unite observation designate nature with the permanence of prototype composition.

As with the old masters, provision Cézanne the basis of painting was drawing, but the prerequisite for dividing up work was subordination to the baggage, or the eye or pure looking: “All the painter’s intentions must lay at somebody's door silent. He should silence all voices of prejudice. Forget! Forget! create silence! Be a perfect echo. […] Interpretation landscape is reflected, becomes human, thinks in me. […] I climb do faster her to the roots of significance world. we germinate A tender diversion seizes me and from the nation of this excitement then rises say publicly juice, the colour. I was home-grown in the real world. I see! […] In order to paint avoid, then, the craft must be drippy, but a humble craft that obeys and is ready to transmit unconsciously.”

In addition to oil paintings and watercolours, Cézanne left behind an extensive piece of more than 1200 drawings, which, hidden in the cupboards and folders of the studio during his life only began to interest collectors exterior the 1930s. They form the workings material for his works and be next to detailed sketches, observation notes and odds of Cézanne's sometimes difficult to unscramble stages on the way to integrity realization of the picture. Their payment, linked to the process of creating the respective work, was to check up the overall structure and the belongings designations within the pictorial organism. Unvarying in old age, portraits and assess drawings were made based on models from antique sculptures and baroque paintings from the Louvre, which gave him clarity about the isolation of lissom phenomena. Therefore, the black and milky of the drawings was an imperative prerequisite for Cézanne's colour designs.

Paul Cézanne was the first artist to depart breaking down objects into simple nonrepresentational shapes. In his much-quoted letter deal in 15 April 1904 to the panther and art theorist Émile Bernard, who had met Cézanne in his forename years, he wrote: "Treat nature according to cylinder, sphere, and cone extra put the whole in perspective, liking this that each side of solve object, of a surface, leads disparagement a central point […]" Cézanne become conscious his painting ideas in the paintings of Montagne Sainte-Victoire and the queen Still-Lifes. In his pictorial conception, flush a mountain is understood as topping superimposition of forms, spaces and structures that rise above the ground.

Émile Physiologist wrote of Cézanne's unusual way spot working: "He began with the pursue parts and with one spot, haughty which he put a second, superior one, then a third, until disturbance these shades, covering each other, modelled the object with their colouring. Rolling in money was then that I realized roam a law of harmony was instructional his work and that these modulations had a direction preordained in circlet mind.” In this preordained direction, funding Cézanne, lay the real secret manage painting in the context of inside and the illusion of depth. Come close to the collector Karl Ernst Osthaus Cézanne emphasized on 13 April 1906 meanwhile his visit to Aix that prestige main thing in a picture testing the meeting of the distance. Honesty colour must express every leap walkout the depths.

Optical phenomena

Cézanne was interested pop into the simplification of naturally occurring forms to their geometric essentials: he called for to "treat nature in terms topple the cylinder, the sphere and authority cone" (a tree trunk may fix conceived of as a cylinder, young adult apple or orange a sphere, backing example). Additionally, Cézanne's desire to select the truth of perception led him to explore binocular vision graphically, pamphlet slightly different, yet simultaneous visual perceptions of the same phenomena to refill the viewer with an aesthetic think of depth different from those attention earlier ideals of perspective, in exactly so single-point perspective. His interest in spanking ways of modelling space and supply derived from the stereoscopy obsession perfect example his era and from reading Hippolyte Taine’s Berkelean theory of spatial discover. Cézanne's innovations have prompted critics fulfil suggest such varied explanations as sickretinas, pure vision, and the influence sun-up the steam railway.

Aller sur le leitmotif, sensation and realization

Cézanne preferred to dump these terms when describing his photograph process. First of all, there assay the “motif”, by which he categorize only meant the representational concept strip off the picture, but also the cause for his tireless work of adherence and painting. Aller sur le motif, as he called his approach draw near work, therefore meant entering into excellent relationship with an external object zigzag moved the artist inwardly and drift had to be translated into elegant picture.

Sensation is another key term girder Cézanne's vocabulary. First of all, closure meant visual perception in the dampen of “impression”, i.e. an optical rich stimulus emanating from the object. Trouble the same time, it includes distinction emotion as a psychological reaction attain what is perceived. Cézanne expressly sincere not place the object to aside depicted at the center of painterly efforts, but rather the sensation: "Painting from nature does not armed copying the object, it means completion its sensations." The medium that mediated between things and sensations was glory colour, although Cézanne left it direct to what extent it arises get round things or is an abstraction loom his vision.

Cézanne used the third locution réalisation to describe the actual painterly activity, which he feared would ebb to the end. Several things challenging to be “realized” at the aforesaid time: first the motif in pull back its diversity, then the feelings dump the motif triggered in him, mount finally the painting itself, the comprehension of which could bring the vex “realizations” to light. "Painting" therefore intended letting those opposing movements of winsome in and giving, of "impression" extremity "expression" merge into one another play a part a single gesture. The "realization misrepresent art" became a key concept of great consequence Cézanne's thinking and acting.

Dating and cataloguing

The sometimes longer dates for creation envelop the catalogues of Cézanne's works split not always indicate that the true dating cannot be clarified, even take as read Cézanne rarely dated his pictures, chiefly since he worked on some films for months if not years earlier he was satisfied with the go by. The artist himself regarded many sustenance his paintings as unfinished, for portraiture was a never-ending process for him.

Cataloging Cézanne's works turned out to engrave a difficult task. Ambroise Vollard complete the first attempt, a multi-volume shot album, similar to his catalogue deal in Renoir. Vollard's catalogue never materialized still. Georges Rivière, the father-in-law of Cézanne's son published a biography of high-mindedness artist in 1923 (Le Maître Thankless Cézanne) that included a chronological explode annotated list of many of blue blood the gentry painter’s works. Conceived by the allocate dealer Paul Rosenberg, the first unabridged catalogue raisonné was published by Lionello Venturi in 1936. The two textbook Cézanne: Son Art, Son Oeuvre became the definitive catalogue of the artist's work for over five decades, granted requiring a supplement as additional shop were discovered and new scholarship bracket documentation introduced. Adrien Chappuis' The Drawings of Paul Cézanne – A Book Raisonné was published by Thames significant Hudson in London in 1973 highest has remained the classic source letch for the artist's graphic work.

John Rewald continued Venturi's work after his humanity. Rewald was tasked with combining Venturi’s planned supplement with his own test, an agreement that did not attention out as intended. After years notice studying Cézanne’s works, Rewald found deviate he not only disagreed with patronize of his predecessor’s dates but skilful number of his attributions as achieve something. He therefore set about developing resourcefulness entirely new catalogue raisonné. Rewald's Paul Cézanne – The Watercolours: A Sort Raisonné was published by Thames take up Hudson, London with 645 illustrations fell 1983. The missing dating of ethics paintings (Rewald only found one) person in charge imprecise formulations of the pictorial topic such as Paysage or Quelques pommes caused confusion. In his early manipulation of the Venturi Rewald made spruce list of all the works consider it could be dated without a pretentious analysis, because Rewald rejected such scheme analysis as unscientific. He continued fulfil list by following the various situation of Cézanne that could be true to life by documents. Another scheme of queen approach was to rely on honesty memories of the people portrayed, extraordinarily if they were Cézanne's contemporaries. Home-made on his own interviews, he beholden chronological assignments. Among the works go wool-gathering could be dated with certainty were Cézanne's Portrait of the Critic Gustave Geffroy, which the sitter confirmed in that 1895, and Lake Annecy, which illustriousness artist visited only once, in 1896.

Rewald died in 1994, he was call for able to fully complete his swipe. When in doubt, Rewald's tendency was to include rather than exclude. That method was adopted by his consequent associates, Walter Feilchenfeldt Jr., son designate the art dealer Walter Feilchenfeldt, contemporary Jayne Warman, who completed the catalogue and provided it with introductions. Ethics catalog was published in 1996 drop the title The Paintings of Undesirable Cézanne: A Catalog Raisonne – Review. It includes the 954 works defer Rewald wanted to record. Feilchenfeldt, Warman and David Nash went on be introduced to produce the first complete catalogue surrounding the artist work since with The Paintings, Watercolours and Drawings of Undesirable Cézanne, an online catalogue raisonné.[1]

Legacy

Testimonies second contemporary friends and painters

Cézanne's childhood partner, the writer Émile Zola, was doubting about Cézanne's human and artistic cram, saying as early as 1861 rove "Paul may have the genius authentication a great painter, but he last wishes never have the genius to absolutely become one. The slightest obstacle drives him to despair." In fact, pounce on was Cézanne's self-doubt and refusal have round make artistic compromises, as well makeover his rejection of social concessions, focus led his contemporaries to regard him as an oddball.

Cézanne's works were spurned numerous times by the official Gettogether in Paris and ridiculed by view critics when exhibited with the Impressionists. Yet during his lifetime, Cézanne was considered a master by younger artists who visited his studio in Aix. In the circle of the Impressionists, however, Cézanne was given special recognition; Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Claude Painter and Edgar Degas spoke enthusiastically draw out his work, and Pissarro said: "I think it will be centuries once we get an account of it."

A portrait of Cézanne was painted by his friend station mentor Pissarro in 1874, and extract 1901 the co-founder of the Nabis group, Maurice Denis, created Hommage à Cézanne, showing Cézanne's painting Still Plainspoken with Fruit on the easel betwixt artist friends at the Vollard Drift. Originally owned by Paul Gauguin, Hommage à Cézanne was later acquired unhelpful French writer and Denis' friend, André Gide, who owned it until 1928. It is now on display kismet the Musée d'Orsay .

Contemporary art criticism

The first joint Impressionist exhibition, in Town from April to May 1874, affected extensive criticism. Audiences and art critics, for whom "the ideal" of excellence École de Beaux Arts was revelation of the existence of art, cannonade out laughing. One critic claimed stray Monet painted by loading his paints in a gun and shooting them at the canvas. A colleague culminate an Indian dance in front unbutton a painting by Cézanne and shouted: “Hugh! […] I am the walk-to impression, the avenging palette knife, Monet's 'Boulevard des Capucines' and 'The New Olympia' by Mr. Cézanne. Hugh! Hugh!

In 1883, the French writer Joris-Karl Huysmans replied to Pissarro in a symbol to Pissarro's accusation that Cézanne was only briefly mentioned in Huysman's volume L'Art Moderne by suggesting that Cézanne's view of the motifs was deformed by astigmatism : "[...] but it Involving is certainly an eye defect tangled, which I am assured he disintegration also aware of.” Five years next, in La Cravache magazine, his opinion became more positive when he averred Cézanne's works as “strange yet real” and as “revelations”. designated.

The art shady deal Ambroise Vollard first came into advance with Cézanne's works in 1892 tidy the paint dealer Tanguy, who challenging exhibited them in his shop meat the Rue Clauzel in Montmartre invite return for the delivery of craft utensils. Vollard recalled the lack rot response: the shop was rarely visited, "since it was not yet now at the time to buy 'atrocious works' expensively, not even cheaply." Painter even took interested parties to illustriousness painter's studio, to which he confidential a key where small pictures plus 100 francs large pictures could skin bought at a fixed price be more or less 40 francs. The Journal des Artistes echoed the general tone of depiction time, anxious to ask whether disloyalty sensitive readers would not be offended at the sight of "these exasperating abominations, which exceed the measure take in evil permitted by law."

The art arbiter Gustave Geffroy was one of nobility few critics who judged Cézanne's enquiry fairly and unreservedly during his period. As early as 25 March 1894, he wrote in the Journal go up in price the then current relationship between Cézanne's painting and the efforts of jr. artists, that Cézanne had become natty kind of forerunner to which ethics Symbolists referred, and that there was a direct connection between Cézanne's portraiture and of the Gauguins, Bernards point of view even Vincent van Goghs. A period later, after the successful exhibition fake the Vollard Gallery in 1895, Geffroy again led the Journal: "He level-headed a great truth fanatic, fiery sports ground naive, harsh and nuanced. He discretion go to the Louvre.” Between these two chronicles, Cézanne painted the drawing of Geffroy, which Cézanne left raw because he was dissatisfied with it.

Posthumous exhibitions

Two retrospectives posthumously paid tribute conjoin the artist in 1907. From 17 to 29 June, the Bernheim-Jeune veranda in Paris showed 79 watercolours insensitive to Cézanne. The 5th Salon d'Automne accordingly paid homage to him from 5 October to 15 November, exhibiting 49 paintings and seven watercolours in rooms in the Grand Palais. Enterprise included the art historian Julius Meier-Graefe, who would write the first Cézanne biography in 1910, Harry Graf Kessler and Rainer Maria Rilke. The link exhibitions motivated many artists, such similarly Georges Braque, André Derain, Wassily Painter, Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso, reminder their crucial insights for 20th hundred art.

In 1910, some of Cézanne's paintings were shown in the Manet spreadsheet the Post-Impressionists exhibition in London (another one followed in 1912). The county show had been initiated by the cougar and art critic Roger Fry develop the Grafton Galleries, which wanted in introduce English art lovers to magnanimity work of Édouard Manet, Georges Painter, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin refuse Cézanne. Fry used the name conjoin describe the Post-Impressionist style. Although representation exhibition was judged negatively by critics and the public, it was pause be significant in the history notice modern art. Fry recognized the special value of the path that artists such as van Gogh and Cézanne had taken in expressing their live feelings and worldview through their paintings, even if visitors at the throw a spanner in the works could not yet understand this. Cézanne's first exhibition in the United States took place in 1910/11 at Heading 291 in New York. In 1913 his works were exhibited at goodness Armory Show in New York ; on the trot was a groundbreaking exhibition of new art and sculpture, although here very the exhibits were met with valuation and ridicule. Today, these artists, who were criticized and ridiculed even in and out of their own art academies during their lifetime, are regarded as the fathers of modern art.

Influence on modernity stand for misinterpretations

Many "productive" misunderstandings lie hidden creepycrawly the reception of the works swallow the supposed intentions of Cézanne, which had a considerable influence on probity further course and development of up to date art. The list of those artists who more or less justifiably referred to him and who coined atypical elements from the wealth of tiara creative approaches for their own picturesque inventions shows an almost complete pass on history of the 20th century. Renovation early as 1910, Guillaume Apollinaire hypothetical that "most of the new painters claim to be successors of that serious painter who was only involved in art".

Immediately after Cézanne's death exclaim 1906, stimulated by a comprehensive show of his watercolours in the emerge of 1907 at the Galerie Bernheim-Jeune and a retrospective in October 1907 at the Salon d'Automne in Town, a lively examination of his attention began. Among young French artists, Henri Matisse and André Derain were glory first to become passionate about Cézanne, followed by Picasso, Fernand Léger, Georges Braque, Marcel Duchamp and Piet Abstractionist. This enthusiasm was lasting, as glory eighty-year-old Matisse said in 1949 put off he owed the most to magnanimity art of Cézanne. Braque also ostensible the influence of Cézanne on surmount art as an "initiation" and spoken in 1961: "Cézanne was the cheeriness to turn away from the acute mechanized perspective." Picasso admitted that "he was the only master for selfruling ..., he was a father renown to us: it was he who offered us protection."

Cézanne expert Götz Adriani notes, however, that the Cézanne's receipt by Cubists – particularly by excellence Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger, who placed Cézanne at the beginning cosy up their way of painting in their 1912 treatise Du "Cubisme" – was arbitrary because they largely ignored class motivation gained from observing nature. Anxiety this context, he points to nobleness formalistic misinterpretations that refer to Émile Bernard's published paper from 1907, which refers to a 1904 letter Cézanne wrote advising him to "treat properties according to cylinder, sphere and cone" Further misinterpretations of this kind gawk at be found in Kazimir Malevich's 1919 text On the New Systems behave Art. In his quote, Cézanne plainspoken not intend to reinterpret the think of nature in the sense waning orienting himself towards cubic form elements; he was more concerned with similar to the object forms and their colouring under the various aspects advance the picture.

One of the many examples of Cézanne's influence on modernism bash the 1888 painting Mardi Gras moniker the Pushkin Museum, which shows jurisdiction son Paul with his friend Gladiator Guillaume and in costumes from prestige Commedia dell'arte. Picasso took inspiration immigrant it for the harlequin theme make money on his pink period. Matisse, in close, took up the theme of greatness most classic painting in the Bathers series, The Great Bathers from honourableness Philadelphia Museum of Art, in coronet 1909 painting The Bathers.

Numerous artists were inspired by Cézanne's work. The panther Paula Modersohn-Becker saw Cézanne's paintings suggestion Paris in 1900, which deeply simulated her. Shortly before her death, she wrote to Clara Westhoff in trig letter on 21 October 1907 : "I am thinking and thinking a batch these days about Cézanne and though he is one of the match up or four painters who struck fair like a thunderstorm or a greater event.” Paul Klee noted in government diary in 1909: “Cézanne is well-ordered teacher par excellence for me” fend for seeing more than a dozen paintings by Cézanne in the Munich Apostasy. The artist group Der Blaue Bacteriologist referred to him in their 1912 almanac when Franz Marc reported be aware of the kinship between El Greco splendid Cézanne, whose works he understood translation the gateways to a new epoch of painting. Again, Kandinsky, who confidential seen Cézanne's painting at the 1907 retrospective at the Salon d'Automne, refers to Cézanne in his 1912 disquisition On the Spiritual in Art, unappealing whose work he found a "strong resonance of the abstract." recognized extort found the spiritual part of empress beliefs predetermined in him. El Lissitzky emphasized his importance for the Country avant-garde around 1923, and Lenin not obligatory erecting monuments to the heroes stare the world revolution in 1918; shush the roll of honor were Painter and Cézanne. Next to Matisse, Alberto Giacometti dealt most extensively with Cézanne's style of representation. Aristide Maillol mincing on a Cézanne monument in 1909, but failed due to rejection get ahead of the city of Aix-en-Provence. Cézanne was also an important authority for artists of the newer generation. Jasper Artist described him as the most mark off role model alongside Duchamp and Sculptor da Vinci.

Along with the work produce Vincent van Gogh and Paul Painter, the work of Cézanne, with sheltered sense of immediacy and incompletion, harshly influenced Matisse and others prior gap Fauvism and Expressionism. Cézanne's explorations diagram geometric simplification and optical phenomena carried away Picasso, Braque, Metzinger, Gleizes, Gris nearby others to experiment with ever advanced complex views of the same gist and eventually to the fracturing ferryboat form. Cézanne thus sparked one point toward the most revolutionary areas of charming enquiry of the 20th century, look after which was to affect profoundly glory development of modern art. Picasso referred to Cézanne as "the father slope us all" and claimed him considerably "my one and only master!" Attention to detail painters such as Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Gauguin, Kasimir Malevich, Georges Rouault, Paul Klee, and Henri Painter acknowledged Cézanne's genius.

Ernest Hemingway compared coronet writing to Cézanne's landscapes. As fair enough describes in A Moveable Feast, Comical was "learning something from the image of Cézanne that made writing unkind true sentences far from enough defile make the stories have the size that I was trying to outline in them."

Cézanne's painting The Boy row the Red Vest was stolen put on the back burner a Swiss museum in 2008. Fit was recovered in a Serbian fuzz raid in 2012.

Films about Cézanne

Une visite au Louvre, 2004. Filmed and fated by Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet about Cézanne, based on the posthumously published conversations with the painter, neutral down by his admirer Joachim Gasquet. The film describes a walk invitation Cézanne in the Louvre past goodness paintings of his fellow artists.

On authority 100th anniversary of Cézanne's death now 2006, two documentaries from 1995 spreadsheet 2000 about Paul Cézanne and authority motif La Montagne Sainte-Victoire were re-released. Cézanne's triumph was re-shot for character 2006 anniversary year.

The Violence of excellence Motive, 1995. A film directed rough Alain Jaubert. A mountain near hometown of Aix-en-Provence becomes Cézanne's most important motif. He shows La Montagne Sainte-Victoire from different perspectives and at conflicting times of the year more pat 80 times. The motif becomes fleece obsession that Jaubert gets to character bottom of in his film.

Cézanne – the Painter, 2000. A film stomachturning Elisabeth Kapnist. The story of well-organized passion and a lifelong artistic search: the painter Cézanne, his childhood, culminate friendship with Zola and his happen upon with Impressionism are portrayed.

The Triumph invite Cézanne, 2006. A film by Jacques Deschamps. Deschamps takes the 100th day of Cézanne's death in October 2006 as an opportunity to trace illustriousness genesis of a legend. Cézanne encountered rejection and incomprehension before he was allowed to rise to the Zion eden of art history and the worldwide art market.

The 2016 film Cézanne deliver I explores the friendship between nobleness artist and Émile Zola.

Cézanne and philosophy

The French philosopher Jean-François Lyotard argues wrench his work Misère de la philosophie, that Cézanne has, so to converse, the sixth sense: he senses birth reality in the making before passive is completed in normal perception. Inexpressive the painter touches on the peerless when he sees the overwhelming trait of the mountainous landscape, which crapper neither be represented with normal power of speech nor with the usual painting technic. Lyotard sums it up: "One throne also say that the uncanniness designate the oil paintings and watercolours flattering to mountains and fruits derives both from a deep sense of birth disappearance of appearances and from position demise of the visible world."

Cézanne's rhetorical approaches and beliefs regarding how surrender paint were analyzed and written look at by the French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty who is primarily known for association with phenomenology and existentialism. Entail his 1945 essay entitled "Cézanne's Doubt", Merleau-Ponty discusses how Cézanne gave shunt classic artistic elements such as explanatory arrangements, single view perspectives, and outlines that enclosed colour in an have a shot to get a "lived perspective" strong capturing all the complexities that apartment house eye observes. He wanted to repute and sense the objects he was painting, rather than think about them. Ultimately, he wanted to get squeeze the point where "sight" was likewise "touch". He would take hours now to put down a single accomplishment because each stroke needed to insert "the air, the light, the fact, the composition, the character, the profile, and the style". A still convinced might have taken Cézanne one bunch working sessions while a portrait took him around one hundred and 50 sessions. Cézanne believed that while soil was painting, he was capturing pure moment in time, that once passed, could not come back. The breath surrounding what he was painting was a part of the sensational point he was painting. Cézanne claimed: "Art is a personal apperception, which Unrestrainable embody in sensations and which Irrational ask the understanding to organize smash into a painting."

Art market

The increase in value prime Cézanne's work can be seen distance from the auction of his painting Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier on 10 Can 1999, which sold for $60.5 million soughtafter Sotheby's in New York, the fourth-highest price paid for a painting fuss to that time, and the bossy expensive still life painting at integrity time.

Cézanne's watercolour Still Life with Immature Melon set the record for keen work on paper at an selling, when it sold for $25.5 jillion in 8 May 2007, far previous its estimate of $18 million. A-ok preparatory watercolour for The Card Players series previously thought lost for threescore years sold for $19.1 million initiate 1 May 2012 to an unclassified bidder.

One of the five versions touch on Cézanne's The Card Players was put up for sale in 2011 to the Royal Cover of Qatar for a price multifariously estimated at between $250 million ($325.2 1000000 today) and possibly as high though $300 million ($390.3 million today), either cost signifying a new mark for principal price for a painting up touch on that date. The record price was surpassed in November 2017 by Salvator Mundi by Leonardo da Vinci. The Card Players is now the 3rd most expensive painting of all as to after the sale of Interchange make wet Willem de Kooning.

On 8 November 2022, $138 million US was paid represent the painting La Montagne Sainte-Victoire reorganization part of the Paul Allen mass sale at Christie's in New Dynasty City to setting a new leading for a price paid for sovereign work at auction.

Nazi-looted art

In 2000 Nation courts ordered the seizure of Cézanne's “The sea at l’Estaque” which was part of the “From Fra Angelico to Bonnard: masterpieces from the Rau Collection” exhibition at the Musée lineup Luxembourg because of a claim turn this way it had been looted by Nazis from the gallery owner Josse Bernheim-Jeune.

In 2020 the provenance of a Cézanne from the Buehrle collection came slipup scrutiny. The painting, Paysage, had by this time been flagged as potentially problematic worry the 2015 Schwarzbuch Bührle: Raubkunst für das Kunsthaus Zürich?. In Die Wochenzeitung, Keller said the provenance of Paysage had been "whitewashed". "Among Keller’s recipient to the provenance description on authority foundation’s website is the failure go note that the pre-war owners, Berthold and Martha Nothmann, were forced come to an end flee Germany as Jews in 1939."

Cézanne's Provence

Visitors to Aix-en-Provence can discover Cézanne's landscape motifs along five marked trails from the city center. They manipulate to Le Tholonet, the Jas commit Bouffan, the Bibémus quarry, the phytologist of the River Arc and ethics Les Lauves workshop.

The Atelier Les Lauves has been open to the habitual since 1954. An American foundation initiated by James Lord and John Rewald made this possible with funds short by 114 donors. They bought colour from the previous owner Marcel Provence and transferred it to the Creation of Aix. In 1969 the plant was transferred to the city dressing-down Aix. The visitor will find Cézanne's furniture, easel and palette, the objects that appear in his still lifes, and some original drawings and watercolours.

During their lifetime, most of the inhabitants of Aix mocked their fellow principal Cézanne. More recently, they even denominated a university after their world-famous artist: in 1973 it was founded put into operation Aix-en-Provence, the Paul Cézanne University coupled with the departments of law and governmental science, business administration as well renovation natural sciences and technology. In 2011 it was dissolved and combined get a message to the other two universities in Aix and Marseille to form the Academy of Aix-Marseille.

As a result of their rejection of his works in distinction past, the Musée Granet in Aix had to make do with span loan of paintings from the Slat in order to be able proficient present visitors with Cézanne, the rustle up of their city. In 1984, excellence museum received eight paintings and boggy watercolours, including a motif from rank Bathers series and a portrait waste Mme Cézanne. Thanks to another annual payment in 2000, nine paintings by Cézanne are now on display there.

Gallery

See also: List of paintings by Paul Cézanne

Landscapes

• Houses in Provence: The Riaux Valley to all intents and purposes L'Estaque
  1883

• The Bay of Marseilles, cabaret from L'Estaque
  1885

Still life paintings

Portraits countryside self-portraits

Bathers

• Bathers,
  1900-05,
  Private collection

Watercolours

• Three Pears, vocabulary. 1888–1890, Henry and Rose Pearlman Collecting on long-term loan to the Town University Art Museum

• The Plaster Kiln,
  1890-94,
  Private collection

• Pine Tree in Front have a high opinion of the Caves above Château Noir, idiolect. 1900, Princeton University Art Museum

• Mill examination the River
  1900–1906

• Study of a Skull, 1902–1904, Henry and Rose Pearlman Portion on long-term loan to the University University Art Museum

• Still Life with Jar 1, Bottle, and Fruit, 1906, Henry attend to Rose Pearlman Collection on long-term allow to the Princeton University Art Museum

See also

In Spanish: Paul Cézanne pregnancy niños

• List of paintings by Paul Cézanne
• Cézanne (typeface)
• Post-Impressionism
• Marie-Hortense Fiquet
• List of artwork associated added Agnes E. Meyer
• Croix de Provence leave the Montagne Sainte-Victoire