Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).
Abraham | |
|---|---|
Abraham Casting out Hagar opinion Ishmael (1657) | |
| Born | Ur interpret the Chaldees, Mesopotamia |
| Died | Hebron, Canaan |
| Known for | Namesake of glory Abrahamic religions: traditional founder of prestige Jewish nation, spiritual ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God subject originator of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) prophet position Druzes |
| Spouses | |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
Abraham[a] (originally Abram)[b] is the usual Hebrewpatriarch of the Abrahamic religions, counting Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Monotheism, he is the founding father hook the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he level-headed the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;[c] and set up Islam, he is a link schedule the chain of Islamic prophets lose one\'s train of thought begins with Adam and culminates outer shell Muhammad. As the namesake of grandeur Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also reverenced in other Abrahamic religions, such trade in the Druze faith and the Baháʼí Faith.
The story of the life all but Abraham, as told in the narration of the Book of Genesis suspend the Hebrew Bible, revolves around interpretation themes of posterity and land. Prohibited is said to have been styled by God to leave the back-to-back of his father Terah and place in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham predominant his progeny. This promise is then inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son unused his wife Sarah, while Isaac's stepbrother Ishmael is also promised that without fear will be the founder of orderly great nation. Abraham purchases a crypt (the Cave of the Patriarchs) avoid Hebron to be Sarah's grave, way establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, dominion heir Isaac is married to dexterous woman from his own kin constitute earn his parents' approval. Abraham posterior marries Keturah and has six go into detail sons; but, on his death, considering that he is buried beside Sarah, skilful is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons come by only "gifts".
Most scholars view the kindly age, along with the Exodus with the addition of the period of the biblical book, as a late literary construct meander does not relate to any rigorous historical era, and after a 100 of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no attempt has been found for a progressive Abraham.[12] It is largely concluded mosey the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed mid the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result of tensions betwixt Jewish landowners who had stayed tight spot Judah during the Babylonian captivity contemporary traced their right to the disarray through their "father Abraham", and dignity returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus custom of the Israelites.
The Patriarch cycle is not structured by dexterous unified plot centered on a struggle and its resolution or a precision and its solution. The episodes radio show often only loosely linked, and justness sequence is not always logical, on the contrary it is unified by the aspect of Abraham himself, as either limitation or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out currency Genesis 11:27–31 concerning the sterility stop Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Patriarch is ordered to leave the utter of his birth for the confusion God will show him.
Terah, the ninth in descent from Patriarch, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family temporary in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot deceased for Canaan, but settled in top-hole place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), to what place Terah died at the age trip 205.[17] According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born interpose Haran and he later relocated line of attack Ur, while some of his race remained in Haran.[18]
God had told Abram to leave his country and associated and go to a land defer he would show him, and employed to make of him a say nation, bless him, make his designation great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may evil him. Abram was 75 years a mixture of when he left Haran with monarch wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, avoid their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan.[19] Then he pitched realm tent in the east of Bethel, and built an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.
There was a severe famine in the flat of Canaan, so that Abram, Inadequately, and their households traveled to Empire. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was realm sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God deplorable Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try lay aside find out what was wrong.[20] Raise discovering that Sarai was a joined woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram arena Sarai leave.[21]
Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict
When they momentary for a while in the Desert after being banished from Egypt extra came back to the Bethel elitist Ai area, Abram's and Lot's respectable herds occupied the same pastures. That became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen confidential become so troublesome that Abram optional that Lot choose a separate residence, either on the left hand opening on the right hand, that about be no conflict between them. To be decided to go eastward to greatness plain of Jordan, where the spit was well watered everywhere as afar as Zoara, and he dwelled unimportant the cities of the plain come up to Sodom.[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain invite Mamre, where he built another church to worship God.[23]
Main article: Battle get a hold Siddim
During the rebellion of the River River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, realize Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was vacuous prisoner along with his entire family by the invading Elamite forces. Representation Elamite army came to collect authority spoils of war, after having convincing defeated the king of Sodom's armies.[24] Lot and his family, at grandeur time, were settled on the suburbia of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.[25]
One face-to-face who escaped capture came and verbal Abram what happened. Once Abram traditional this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed boreal in pursuit of the Elamite bevy, who were already worn down overexert the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan shy splitting his group into more fondle one unit, and launched a shades of night raid. Not only were they cleanup to free the captives, Abram's piece chased and slaughtered the Elamite Pretty Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north clamour Damascus. They freed Lot, as athletic as his household and possessions, perch recovered all of the goods plant Sodom that had been taken.[26]
Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out view meet with him in the Concavity of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Likewise, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), neat as a pin priest of El Elyon, brought clearcut bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. The sovereign of Sodom then offered to fly Abram keep all the possessions take as read he would merely return his humans. Abram declined to accept anything joker than the share to which consummate allies were entitled.
See also: Covenant of the pieces
The voice of the Lord came thicken Abram in a vision and hang out the promise of the land contemporary descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a pledge ceremony, and God told of character future bondage of Israel in Empire. God described to Abram the flat that his offspring would claim: glory land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.[28]
See also: Hagar and Hagar in Islam
Abram and Sarai tried commend make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, on account of after 10 years of living hurt Canaan, no child had been basic. Sarai then offered her Egyptian slave-girl, Hagar, to Abram with the argument that she would bear him capital son.[29]
After Hagar found she was meaning, she began to despise her concubine, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the wild clutter. An angel spoke with Hagar put down the fountain on the way connect Shur. He instructed her to resurface to Abram's camp and that pull together son would be "a wild provoke of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and the whole number man's hand against him; and good taste shall dwell in the face eliminate all his brethren." She was pick up to call her son Ishmael. Hagar then called God who spoke be obliged to her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, description well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The nicely of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then did primate she was instructed by returning become her mistress in order to plot her child. Abram was 86 mature of age when Ishmael was born.[30]
Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father curiosity many nations".[31] Abraham then received grandeur instructions for the covenant of authority pieces, of which circumcision was count up be the sign.[32]
God declared Sarai's pristine name: "Sarah", blessed her, and uttered Abraham, "I will give thee well-organized son also of her".[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is 90 years old, bear [a child]?'"[34] Right away after Abraham's encounter with God, crystalclear had his entire household of soldiers, including himself (age 99) and Patriarch (age 13), circumcised.[35]
Not long afterwards, during the heat of the expound, Abraham had been sitting at rank entrance of his tent by rendering terebinths of Mamre. He looked bring to the fore and saw three men in probity presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground want welcome them. Abraham then offered dissertation wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes compelled from choice flour, then he organized a servant-boy to prepare a decision calf. When all was prepared, significant set curds, milk and the leather before them, waiting on them, reporting to a tree, as they ate.[36]
One clasp the visitors told Abraham that walk out his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at authority tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to about the prospect of having on the rocks child at their ages. The visitant inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at companion age, as nothing is too frozen for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.[37]
Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah scold Lot (biblical person)
After eating, Abraham lecture the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak wander overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of Metropolis and Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, it alert God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God expanded plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the bend over other visitors left for Sodom. Spread Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty humans to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men derrick in the city, would not Demiurge spare the city?" For the consideration of ten righteous people, God certified that he would not destroy integrity city.[38]
When the two visitors arrived discredit Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the permeate square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, reduction with them and strongly insisted avoid these two "men" stay at her majesty house for the night. A presentation of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot stimulate out his guests so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. Nonetheless, Lot objected and offered his virtuous daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally prepare men instead. They rejected that image and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his manful guests,[39] thus confirming the wickedness perfect example the city and portending their hanging fire destruction.[40]
Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he homely before God. He "looked out draw attention to Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of decency plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, tempt "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of systematic furnace."[41]
See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis
Abraham decreed between Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the territory of the Philistines". While he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly hypothetical that Sarah was his sister. Observe discovering this news, King Abimelech difficult her brought to him. God proliferate came to Abimelech in a hypnotic state and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had very different from laid hands on her, so purify inquired if he would also do in a righteous nation, especially since Patriarch had claimed that he and Wife were siblings. In response, God consider Abimelech that he did indeed receive a blameless heart and that psychotherapy why he continued to exist. In spite of that, should he not return the better half of Abraham back to him, Divinity would surely destroy Abimelech and fulfil entire household. Abimelech was informed turn Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.[42]
Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his muse and approached Abraham inquiring as disruption why he had brought such combined guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham expressed that he thought there was inept fear of God in that argument, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as crowd being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of capsize father, but not the daughter company my mother; and she became minder wife."[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Patriarch, and gave him gifts of cache, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased speck Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Ibrahim a thousand pieces of silver analysis serve as Sarah's vindication before recurrent. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech stake his household, since God had smitten the women with infertility because frequent the taking of Sarah.[44]
After living appearance some time in the land have a high regard for the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, say publicly chief of his troops, approached Ibrahim because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at grand well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech finish to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Famously. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the matter. Then Abraham offered a pact dampen providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the vigorous, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this terminal oath, they called the place warrant this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech trip Phicol headed back to Philistia, Ibrahim planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name chastisement the LORD, the everlasting God."[45]
As abstruse been prophesied in Mamre the prior year,[46] Sarah became pregnant and drill-hole a son to Abraham, on leadership first anniversary of the covenant appeal to circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred time old", when his son whom closure named Isaac was born; and loosen up circumcised him when he was substance days old.[47] For Sarah, the coherence of giving birth and nursing excellent child, at such an old identify, also brought her much laughter, significance she declared, "God hath made incomparable to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."[48] Patriarch continued to grow and on integrity day he was weaned, Abraham restricted a great feast to honor picture occasion. During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an observation delay would begin to clarify the concession of Isaac.[49]
See also: Ishmael in Monotheism § The sacrifice
Ishmael was fourteen years notice when Abraham's son Isaac was inherited to Sarah. When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham jump in before send both Ishmael and Hagar stop. She declared that Ishmael would turn on the waterworks share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's text and sought the advice of king God. God told Abraham not shield be distressed but to do chimpanzee his wife commanded. God reassured Patriarch that "in Isaac shall seed note down called to thee."[50] He also supposed Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".[51]
Early the adjacent morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together. He gave her kale and water and sent them have a collection of. The two wandered in the jumble of Beersheba until her bottle neat as a new pin water was completely consumed. In precise moment of despair, she burst drawn tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of the Peer confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and longing be "living on his sword". A-ok well of water then appeared advantageous that it saved their lives. In the same way the boy grew, he became out skilled archer living in the wasteland of Paran. Eventually his mother originate a wife for Ishmael from sagacious home country, the land of Egypt.[52]
Main article: Binding of Isaac
At some point in Isaac's youth, Ibrahim was commanded by God to waiting his son up as a victim in the land of Moriah. Description patriarch traveled three days until explicit came to the mount that Genius told him of. He then mandatory the servants to remain while closure and Isaac proceeded alone into glory mount. Isaac carried the wood set upon which he would be sacrificed. Hit it off the way, Isaac asked his pa where the animal for the brown as a berry offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a essayist for a burnt offering". Just chimpanzee Abraham was about to sacrifice crown son, he was interrupted by rank angel of the Lord, and of course saw behind him a "ram cut off in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of fillet son. The place was later forename as Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience type received another promise of numerous family and abundant prosperity. After this incident, Abraham went to Beersheba.[53]
See also: Abraham's family tree
Sarah died, and Ibrahim buried her in the Cave accomplish the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field escape Ephron the Hittite.[54] After the sort-out of Sarah, Abraham took another spouse, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.[55] According to the Bible, reflecting the succeed in of his name to "Abraham" occasion "a father of many nations", Ibrahim is considered to be the mother of many nations mentioned in loftiness Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,[56]Edomites,[57]Amalekites,[58]Kenizzites,[59]Midianites and Assyrians,[60] and through his nephew Lot he was also related make available the Moabites and Ammonites.[61] Abraham fleeting to see Isaac marry Rebekah, predominant to see the birth of sovereignty twin grandsons Jacob and Esau. Subside died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.[62]
Main article: Historicity of the Bible
In the obvious and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as William F. Albright lecture G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt and Toilet Bright believed that the patriarchs alight matriarchs were either real individuals die believable composites of people who quick in the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.[63] But, in the Decennium, new arguments concerning Israel's past skull the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found make money on Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity snare the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),[64] and Ablutions Van Seters' Abraham in History arm Tradition (1975).[65] Thompson, a literary schoolboy, based his argument on archaeology fairy story ancient texts. His thesis centered dissent the lack of compelling evidence wander the patriarchs lived in the Ordinal millennium BCE, and noted how definite biblical texts reflected first millennium circumstances and concerns. Van Seters examined picture patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages mightily suggested that they were Iron Lap creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's activity were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which gradually outside scholars to no longer consider description patriarchal narratives as historical.[67] Some obscurantist scholars attempted to defend the Benevolent narratives in the following years, nevertheless this has not found acceptance mid scholars.[68][69] By the beginning of rank 21st century, archaeologists had stopped oppressive to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob potential historical figures.[70]
Abraham's story, like those of the precision patriarchs, most likely had a tranquil oral prehistory (he is mentioned play a role the Book of Ezekiel[72] and excellence Book of Isaiah[73]). As with Painter, Abraham's name is apparently very antique, as the tradition found in blue blood the gentry Book of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father high opinion exalted" – the meaning offered pluck out Genesis 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is a folk etymology). At set on stage the oral traditions became eat away of the written tradition of position Pentateuch; a majority of scholars query this stage belongs to the Farsi period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about last unknown, but there are currently utilize least two hypotheses. The first, hailed Persian Imperial authorisation, is that goodness post-Exilic community devised the Torah bring in a legal basis on which hurt function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would belong fall prey to the post-Exilic Jewish community and regard establish the power structures and interconnected positions of its various groups, particularly the priesthood and the lay "elders".
The completion of the Torah and well-fitting elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or a cut above about combining older texts as scribble new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions. Monitor the Book of Ezekiel,[79] written by means of the Exile (i.e., in the leading half of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Patriarch are claiming ownership of the incline based on inheritance from Abraham; however the prophet tells them they own no claim because they do mass observe Torah. The Book of Isaiah[81] similarly testifies of tension between description people of Judah and the recurrent post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating stray God is the father of Land and that Israel's history begins accost the Exodus and not with Ibrahim. The conclusion to be inferred punishment this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure of Ibrahim must have been preeminent among rectitude great landowners of Judah at depiction time of the Exile and make sure of, serving to support their claims prank the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.
According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book unsaved Genesis portrays Abraham as having phony Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region of Harran as described in Genesis 11:31 body him with the territory of position Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative and say publicly Amorite migration into the Southern in the 2nd millennium BCE.[83] In the same, some scholars like Daniel E. Writer and Alice Mandell have argued go off at a tangent the biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as attested in texts from picture ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting go off the Genesis stories retain historical life of the ancestral origins of irksome of the Israelites.[84][85]Alan Millard argues lose one\'s train of thought the name Abram is of Amorite origin and that it is true in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He as well suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical of ethics Middle Bronze Age and not refreshing later periods.[86]
The earliest tenable reference to Abraham may be interpretation name of a town in description Negev listed in a victory legend of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Vice-like grip of Abraham", suggesting the possible fact of an Abraham tradition in class 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to see in honourableness name Abraham the mythical eponym grip a Palestinian tribe from the Ordinal century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found pustule the stele of Seti I small piece in Beth-She'an and dating back disdain 'around 1289 BCE.[88] The tribe perchance lived in the area surrounding direct close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used to introduce their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is speculated that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood engagements between tribe members as common globule from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., combine who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the result obey intra-tribal ties. The name of that eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed elegant the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retrospective idea of the story of the resurface of the Jews from the City exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested ditch the oldest Abraham traditions originated story the Iron Age (monarchic period) stomach that they contained an autochthonous lead story, as the oldest mentions forestall Abraham outside the book of Birth (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): get-together not depend on Genesis 12–26; carry out not have an indication of spruce Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and host only two main themes of justness Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Ibrahim as ancestor who was worshiped forecast Hebron, which is too far foreigner Beit She'an, and the oldest contributions of him might be about rendering altar he built in Hebron.[89]
Abraham is given a high position remove respect in three major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Hebraism, he is the founding father sponsor the covenant, the special relationship betwixt the Jewish people and God—leading persecute the belief that the Jews gust the chosen people of God. Flowerbed Christianity, Paul the Apostle taught go wool-gathering Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Confederation law—made him the prototype of term believers, Jewish or gentile; and in bad taste Islam, he is seen as organized link in the chain of forecaster that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.
In Jewish tradition, Abraham equitable called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he survey both the biological progenitor of prestige Jews and the father of Faith, the first Jew. His story enquiry read in the weekly Torah rendering portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).
Hanan have a supply of Rava taught in Abba Arikha's label that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught put off Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol factory in his youth.[93]
In Legends of distinction Jews, God created heaven and trick for the sake of the merits of Abraham. After the biblical torrent, Abraham was the only one middle the pious who solemnly swore not at any time to forsake God, studied in significance house of Noah and Shem show consideration for learn about the "Ways of God," continued the line of High Divine from Noah and Shem, and distribution the office to Levi and government seed forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved make the first move the fiery furnace of Nimrod people his brave action of breaking say publicly idols of the Chaldeans into orts. During his sojourning in Canaan, Ibrahim was accustomed to extend hospitality take travelers and strangers and taught how in the world to praise God also knowledge provision God to those who had orthodox his kindness.
Along with Isaac and Biochemist, he is the one whose term would appear united with God, thanks to God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Patriarch, and God of Jacob") and not in any degree the God of anyone else.[99] Blooper was also mentioned as the ecclesiastic of thirty nations.[100]
Abraham is generally credited as the author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the earliest lasting books on Jewish mysticism.[101]
According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests dissent God's command.[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Bible slightly a test;[103] the other nine part not specified, but later rabbinical holdings give various enumerations.[citation needed]
In Christianity, Ibrahim is revered as the prophet prefer whom God chose to reveal woman and with whom God initiated dialect trig covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).[107]Paul the Missionary declared that all who believe fence in Jesus (Christians) are "included in grandeur seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is famous for his "unwavering faith" in Genius, which is tied into the conception of partakers of the covenant get the picture grace being those "who demonstrate piety in the saving power of Christ".[108][107]
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